Ancient Lineage, The Yamato Dynasty Essay Example For Students

Ancient Lineage, The Yamato Dynasty Essay The ancient lineage of Japanese Yamato Emperors have ruled with diverse layers of power for centuries. Cultural and social changes affected the political influence and power of the Sun Line dynasty. But, because of the religious aspects of the divine authority of the emperor, the dynasty was manipulated for political legitimacy instead of being totally annihilated. Thus, the dynasty has survived from the legendary Jimmu in 660 to the present day 125th Emperor Akihito. Shinto, the native religion of Japan, defines the emperors authority in Japan. The fundamental document of Shinto is the Kojiki, (Record of Ancient Matters). The Kojiki consists of an account of Japan from its creation to approximately the year A.D. 500, plus additional genealogical data about the imperial family for the next century.# Written in 712 and considered one of Japans earliest remaining works, the Kojiki establishes the Yamato imperial kami as the dominant kami of Japan, which, correspondingly substantiates the royal authority. The kami is a polytheistic host that, on the one hand animistically inhabits nature and, on the other hand, is intimately associated with people and their most basic units of social organization. Amaterasu-Opo-Mi-Kami is the Sun Goddess, the dominant kami of the Yamato royal clan, or uji. Amaterasu founded the imperial line when she sent her grandson down from the heaven to rule the à land of luxuriant rice fields.# An earlier tale in Kojiki tells how Amaterasu was so frightened by the behaviour of her brother Susano-o that she hid in a cave. The world was therefore plunged into darkness and her fellow kami tried desperately to entice her out. As a trick, Amaterasu was told that a rival kami even more powerful than she had arrived. Then a female kami danced a ribald dance outside the cave, and so loud was the merriment that Amaterasus curiosity got the better of her. She peeped cautiously out of the cave. The first things she saw were a precious jewel hanging from a tree, and next to it the face of her new rival. This made her start, and she was grabbed before she had time to realize that what she was actually looking at was her own reflection in a bronze mirror. The mirror and the jewel that had restored light to the world became the first two items in the imperial regalia. The three items in the imperial regalia are objects that were, and still are, the legitimates of kingship: the symbol and guarantee of the eternity of the imperial throne. The third item in the imperial regalia, the sword, is named Kusa-nagi, à grass-mower or à grass-pacifier in the Kojiki. # In the province of Izumo lived a fierce serpent with eight heads and tails. The kami Susano-o resolved to destroy the serpent. He began by getting it drunk on sake and then hewed of its heads and tails. But as he reached the tail portion his blade was turned, and Susano-o discovered a sword hidden there. As it was a very fine sword, he presented it to his sister Amaterasu, and she handed the sacred sword, the mirror and the jewel to her grandson Ninigi when he took possession of the earth. He eventually passed the throne items on to his grandson Jimmu, identified as the first emperor of Japan, to whom traditionally are given the dates of 660 585 BC. The three items were handed down as the symbols of sovereignty from one emperor to the next. The imperial regalia was repeatedly taken into battle to establish royal legitimacy. During the Gempei war (1180-85), the sacred link between the emperor and the crown jewels was of vital importance in determining the righteousness of the causes and interests espoused by the rival sides. A decisive battle between the Taira and Minamoto rival clans took place in the narrow straits of Shimonoseki that divide Honshu from Kyushu at a place called Dan no Ura. The Taira clan took with them the sacred person of the Emperor Antoku, now eight years old. He had with him three items of imperial regalia that proved he was genuine. When it became apparent that the sea battle at Dan no Ura in 1185 was lost, the imperial grandmother took the child emperor in her arms and with the words, This country is a place of sorrow; Ià m taking you to a happy realm called paradise, sank with him beneath the waves.# Little more than a century was to pass before the imperial regalia had a crucial role to play again in determining the legitimacy of the claimants to the throne and swaying the allegiance of their supporters. When his mission to overthrow the shogunate become know in 1331, Emperor Godaigo fled Kyoto with the imperial regalia to Mount Kasagi. Godaigo fled to the mountains again in 1336. As before he took the imperial regalia with him, but this time he had apparently left behind a set of copies of the replicas which were used in the enthronement ceremony arranged for the nominee of the Northern Court, Emperor Komyo. From that time on the Southern Court argued for their legitimacy on the grounds that they had the genuine replicas while the Northern Court had only fake replicas! In 1392, under the good offices of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the two imperial lines were reunited. The last Southern emperor, Go Kameyama (1338-92) returned the regalia to Kyoto at the time of reunification.# T he imperial succession remained with the Northern emperor until the present day. The imperial regalia exemplifies the religious authority and dominance that prevailed with the Yamato line. But, this authority and power were manipulated by outside influence. This outside influence can first be clearly defined with the dominance of Buddhism during the end of the Nara period. The Emperor Shomu abdicated the throne in 749 in favor of his daughter and appeared before the daibatsu and humbly declared himself a servant to the three Buddhist treasures ( the Buddha, the law, and the priesthood). Shomu also founded a national Buddhist center at the Todaiji Temple in Nara and caused branch temples and nunneries to be constructed in the provinces. Shomus great undertaking so taxed the public resources of the Nara court that it was probably the single most important factor in stimulating a decline in national administration over the next century and a half.# HATE CRIME IN AMERICA EssayThe decline of the Kamakura shogunate in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries was caused by many factors. The first factor was two failed attempts by the Mongols to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281. Both invasions took place in northern Kyushu and failed due to typhoons that forced the Mongols back onto their ships, out to open water, and subsequently, after severe losses, back to the continent. Another factor was the emergence in various regions of new warrior bands, organized originally as a military hegemony over the eastern provinces, that were difficult for the shogunate to control. Still another factor was a succession dispute in 1318, when Godaigo (1288-1339), a forceful and headstrong member of the junior Brach, ascended the throne and determined not only to transmit the line of succession exclusively to his own descendants but also to restore the throne to real power.# Godaigos restoration or loyalist movement was successful in 1333 when the forces of both courtiers and samurai overthrew the Kamakura shogunate and gave the emperor the opportunity to rule and reign. But, the Restoration was totally unable to meet the real governing needs of the medieval age and barely lasted three years. The Restoration Regime was overthrown in 1336 by Ashikaga Takauji. After driving Godaigo and his supporters to the mountains of Yoshino in the south, Takauji placed a member of the senior branch of the imperial family on the throne and established a new military administration in Kyoto, known as the Ashikaga, or Muromachi shogunate (1336-1573). The fist half-century is known as the epoch of the Northern and Southern Courts because Godaigo and his successors maintained an opposition Southern Court at Yoshino that challenged the legitimacy of the puppet Northern Court of the Ashikaga in Kyoto. In 1392 the Ashikaga, promising a return of alternate succession, persuaded the Southern emperor (Godaigos grandson) to return to Kyoto and thus brought to an end the great dynastic schism. The Ashikaga never kept their promise of returning to alternate succession and the southern branch of the imperial family slipped into oblivion. Even the northern branch although left in possession of the throne, retained no governing authority whatever, and from this time on the emperorship was little more than a legitimating talisman for the rule of successive military houses. The Muromachi period was the most tumultuous age in Japanese history. During its two and a half centuries, there was almost continuous warfare in one part of the country or another. The third Ashikaga shogun, Yoshimitsu (1358-1408), brought to order much of Japan in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries by skillfully imposing his control over barons and daimyos. But after Yoshimitsus death, the shogun- gate steadily declined: and for its last hundred years or so it was almost completely powerless as a central government. The Onin War (1467-77) was a shogunal succession dispute between the shogun Yoshimasas brother and son.# The country slipped into a century of conflict and disunion known as the age of provincial wars. The Ashikaga shoguns became totally powerless, and the domains of many daimyos were torn sunder either by the internecine warfare or by great peasant uprisings. The imperial family gradually withdrew from participation in all but the most essential courtly functions, and often they found themselves embarrassingly unable even to defray the costs. The coronation of an emperor of the early sixteenth century was postponed for more than twenty years for lack of funds. By mid-sixteenth century, much of Japan had been brought under the control of a new class of sturdy and progressive daimyos. Unification and the establishment of a lasting military hegemony were ultimately carried out by three great chieftains-Oda Nobunaga (1534-82), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98), and Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)-all of whom came from the region between the central provinces and the Kanto# Nobunaga led his armies into Kyoto in 1568 and five year later dissolved the Muromachi shogunate. Upon his assassination in 1582 by one of his generals, another general Hideyoshi assumed control and brought the remainder of Japan under his control. Upon Hideyoshis death in 1598, he left an infant son to succeed him, and a power struggle between two great daimyos ensued. With the victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the daimyo at Edo, the Tokugawa shogunate was established and endured until the late nineteenth century. The Meiji Restoration, named after the Emperor Meji (1852-1912) who ascended the throne in 1867 at the age of fifteen, was a political revolution from above carried out by younger enlightened members of Japans ruling samurai class. The shogun capitulated and the restoration was completed by early 1867 with very little loss of blood. The Meji restoration brought modernization and industrialization to Japan. The imperial line of Japan survived due to their religious and political importance. The Yamato dynasty was used to legitimate shoguns political power and controlled by intermarriage, but was never destroyed. Emperor Akihito is a testimony of the imperial lines resiliency.