BP Oil Spill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BP Oil Spill - Research Paper ExampleThe commissioners have shown their impact that if the cover washes up to the brink then the tourism industry will get destroyed and the city will have to suffer financial crisis.The Federal Government must introduce certain laws and policies that ar in concern with the issue of anoint spills. The company amenable for the oil spill must be held responsible of all the damage and destruction that has been resulted due to the oil spill. The financial loss that has been occurred due to the oil spill must be taken by the company who caused it. An oil spill cause a lot of damage to the marine and aquatic life and if this oil spill reaches the coast it destroys the beauty of the coast and causes great harm to the tourism industry of that country. The company should be made to pay the amount enough to the total loss that the country will have to suffer as a result of this. When an oil spill reaches the coast the fine sand, huts, other shops, malls , parks, walking tracks, etc. all are affected this results in a great loss for the country.An oil spill does not instantly reach the coast it takes close a few days for an oil spill to spread out and reach the coast. However, the number of days it takes for the oil to reach the coast depends upon where the oil spillage has started. Once it comes to the knowledge of the city manager or commissioner that an oil spill is on its way to their coast they must take precautionary measures like lay off the beach, remove stalls and huts and those bodies that are not fixed so that they do not become the victim of oil spillage. The oil and gas company responsible for the spillage must be made responsible to pay the full cost of the spillage and for the restoration of the environment to its natural state. As well as the company would have to pay full compensation to those whose businesses have been affected by this disaster. A fine must also be imposed on the oil and

Marketing Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Research Plan - Essay Examplewith dependable services whoremonger be the best available means to capture the market well in time when the inclination is still new to capture the cell phone users attention by a successful gild like JF Electronics.What is a customizable energetic phone? A customizable mobile phone is a built-to-order phone that comes with the gambol of snapping the unwanted functionality or adding the functionality as per the customer demand. It could be a GSM phone to be customized or the other. The customer will decide whether the phone should be touch screen, bar, flip or smart phone whether it has a keyboard or the customer prefers a mobile phone without a keyboard. The customized mobile phone to be introduced by JFs Electronics will offer the customers the choice to select the operating system of their choice from Google Android, apple, OS X or Microsoft and others. It has been the JFs Electronics unique selling point to offer custom-made computers of high quality in affordable price range, which has helped it expand throughout the US Northeast. The marketing research plan for the customized mobile is firing to follow the same USP of providing a cost-effective mobile phone of high quality. Customers would contribute the freedom to rent their preferred service provider no need to subscribe to a particular service provider. The custom-ordered mobile would be available with warranties, after-sale service and repair (Elgan, 2008).The research objective of my marketing plan is to know the chemical reaction of the customers if a customized mobile phone is offered for sale in the familys store and on the companys website. As the idea of a customized mobile phone has been not just in the offing, customers have been purchasing through online stores, so it means ours is not the only company other companies are on that point for our company JFs Electronics to compete with.Considering the current market situation at macro level, re search demand to be made first of all at legal level to know

Analyzing media-presented issues related to the nursing profession and Essay

Analyzing media-presented issues related to the nursing profession and nursing practice - Essay ExampleIn March 2013, the ministry of health came up with an nurtureizementising prevail that which compared smoking with gas pedal. The response of this advertising is twofold, there is one group that supports it, arguing that it is effective in depicting smoking as an anti-social behaviour. This is the stand that Hager (2013), an editor with the capital of Canada Citizen. This is an online newsfeed that is only available via the internet. However, Quan (2013), an editor with the times news feed has a different opinion. consort to her, the advert is ineffective in portraying smoking as an anti-social behavior. This is because flatulence is a normal activity among mammals. According to her, the advert encourages people to smoke because it portrays it as a normal behavior. This is because it uses the notion of flatulence. The third article that this writing analyzes is a journal ar ticle by Pechmann and Reibling (2000). This journal talks about how to create an effective anti-smoking advertisement campaign in Canada, and the United States. It uses a case study approach in explaining the effective method acting of creating an advertisement campaign. Basing on that, this paper takes a stand that to create an effective anti-smoking advertisement the creators of the advertisement essential consider the age of the spokesman, the content of the message, and the manner in which the advertisers depict the behavior. Quan(2013) in her article argues against the use of flatulence in creating an anti-smoking advertisement campaign. According to her, flatulence is a normal biological process amongst mammals, and on this basis, equating smoking with flatulence sends a message that smoking is a normal social behavior. According to her, the purport of the advertisers was to denote that smoking is as embarrassing as engaging in a farting activity. This estimate is wrong, and she denotes that there is nothing embarrassing with farting. She even further goes on to denote that even small children experience that farting is a normal biological process. Quan (2013) lines the 53 seconds video advert. She denotes that the video depicts a young adult female who admits that she farts at parties, but this does not make her a farter. According to Quan (2013), the intention of the advertisers was to denote that smoking is wrong, and it doesnt matter where the act takes place. However, to her, the use of video in this campaign was ineffective, and therefore did not meet the objectives of the advertisers. Hager (2013) on the other hand does not agree with Quan. Hager denotes that the advertisement achieved its objective of depicting smoking as an anti-social behavior (2013). According to Hager, the target of the advertisement was people between the ages of 18 to 29. Hager denotes that farting is an embarrassing social behavior, and using this concept in the a nti-smoking advertising campaign manages to give a message that smoking is an embarrassing and dizzy social behavior. Hager (2013) further goes on to denote that the use of a young woman in the anti-smoking advertisement campaign is an effective method of reaching out to the young people. This is because they identify with her age. To support his opinion, Hager gives the number of views that the campaign got in the social media. He denotes that the advert got 36000 views within a week of its release. This to him is a proof that the advert was effective in sending out its message. Pechmann and Reibling (2000) on the other hand, in their Journal article describe how to create an

The Oil Crises in the 1970s Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Oil Crises in the 1970s - Term Paper congressmanThe crude oil blockade had a whooping impact on the economies of US and westerly nations as they had to pay laid-back tolls for their oil imports and transportation cost in those nations became more costly due to the oil embargo obligate OPEC. OPEC and its members and OPECs involvement in the crisis On October 17, 1973, OPEC implemented oil diplomacy which banned its member nations exports of oil and announced embargo on its exports to Western nations and the USA that supported the war against Israel by Egypt and Syria. This oil embargo had been devastating impact on US economy as it put a all-inclusive stop to the epoch of cheap gasoline, and the US share markets witnessed an unprecedented fall by about $97 billion followed by the worst economic recession in USA and other parts of the world. OPEC declare that it would penalize those who helped Israel in the War by slashing down the petroleum production by 5% a month till t he Israel vacated the occupied provinces by reinstating the rights of the Palestinians over the region. It cited both USA and The Netherlands as the adjust enemies of Islam and threatened that it would deploy an indefinite ban of export of petroleum products, which would be in operation against Western nations. Customarily, before 1973, oil prices were fixed by Petroleum companies and in December 1973, OPEC announced that henceforth, it would fix the price of the oil products. Due to this, the price per barrel of oil escalated to $11.65 per barrel in December 1973 which was 130% extend as compared 1973 October price and 387% higher than 1972 price level. (www.history.com). The Founding of OPEC OPEC is an intergovernmental institution established on September 10-14, 1960 at the Baghdad Conference by Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. Apart from the above five founding members , Indonesia , Qatar ,UAE , Libya , Nigeria , Algeria , Angola , Ecuador and Gabon conjugated the OPEC later . Initially, OPEC headquartered at Switzerland later shifted to Vienna in Austria in 1965. The core aim of OPEC is to coalesce and synchronise petroleum exploration, production and marketing strategies among Member nations so as to secure stable and just prices of oil product, an effective, viable and uninterrupted supply of petroleum products to consumer nations and to secure a just return on the capital of the United States employed on the petroleum resources by the oil-producing nations. (www.opec.org). Yom Kippur War This is also known as 1983 Arabs- Israeli War, or Ramadan War, which was waged against Israel by alliance of Arab nations, headed by Egypt and Syria and lasted from October 6 to 25, 1973. In the War, the USA, UK, Netherlands and France supported Israel and aggrieved by this, the Arab nations retaliated with a revolt in 1973 through an oil embargo against Western powers. Arab coalition made a surprise attack on Israel occupied regions on Yom Kippur a nd Egypt, and Syrian forces entered Golden Heights and Sinai Peninsula of Israel. In the Yom Kippur War, USA and its allied supported Israel by supplying arms while USSR supported the Arab Coalition and this war paved to almost direct brush between two superpowers during the cold war regime. In the War, Israel almost captured Egypts city of Suez by circle the Egypts Army. In 1978, the Camp David Accord was signed where it was agreed to

Self-Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 78

Self-Assessment - Essay recitationExplicating Countee Cullens Incident was a quite interesting, and very enlightening, endeavor. Although the rime was quite simple and straightforward, it takes a skunk of imagination to make sense of the narrative. Although it is easy to understand, the sentiments or emotions embedded in it ar quite composite and immeasurable, which make the analysis extremely challenging. The part where I have to analyze every line of the poem was the most challenging. Every line is inf utilise with intense emotions. Moreover, the transitioning is quick and drastic. And it was difficult to find the right words to severalise the authors emotions. I tried to balance the intensity of the words with the emotions embedded in each(prenominal) line. It was very challenging to analyze someone elses story using my own point of view. hardly even though the task was very challenging, I found it quite entertaining. Because of the simplicity of the language used by the a uthor, I immediately unders in any cased what the author was trying to say. It is not standardised the other poems that are filled with metaphors or complicated imagery. I learned several things from writing this essay. First, short poems are like novels even though they are short, they can narrate an entire story. Second, poems like Incident are outwardly simple, but a deeper analysis of it will reveal a larger reality, such as racial prejudice and its impact on its victims. And lastly, simplicity is the beauty. A poem does not have to be too elaborate or complicated to be exceptional.

Design for sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design for sustainability - Essay ExampleDesign for sustainability refers to the philosophy of shrewd returns or objects that are environsally friendly and conform to the principles of social, economic and ecological sustainability. Design for sustainability is also know as environmentally sustainable figure or simply sustainable design The aim of design for sustainability is to completely get rid of negative environmental effects or impacts through skillful and beautiful design. Its manifestation does no want resources that cannot be renewed, has minimal impact on the environment and relate humans to the natural environment. Therefore, when designing a product, companies should incorporate environmental and social factors throughout the life cycle and submit chain of the product with respect to their socio-economic surrounding (McAloone and Bey, 2009). The life cycle of a product begins from extracting, processing and planning of the raw materials and energy requisite for t he product. It then proceeds to the production, distribution, consumption (reuse and recycling) and ultimate disposal. It is important to note that sustainability has no absolute value the sustainability of any product is an allusive quality that will differ from one product to another (McAloone and Bey, 2009). Due to global concerns over environmental and social problems such as climate change, biodiversity loss, poverty, wellness and pollution, most industries have improved their products to meet sustainability criteria or principles in order to out do or out shine their competitors. However, there are some companies that have not adapted this principles of sustainability and their products seem to be so unfriendly and unsustainable, for instance, the plastic bags (Diehl and Crul, 2007). The plastic bags were initially considered to be more sanitary and friendly to the environment as compared to the deforesting paper bag. They are cheaper to make, sturdy and aristocratical to car ry. However, with recent findings, they have proved to be very(prenominal) much environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable. Plastic bags are made from flimsy plastics which are not easy to reprocess. They easily blow into trees and wet bodies thereby killing marine life. They also take much of the required landfill space. In addition, plastics are made from polyethylene (a by product of oil colour refining) which is a non renewable resource. harmonise to Mendis (2009), the oil used in making plastics is about 4% of the worlds total oil production. Plastics are also produced using a lot of electricity as compared to the paper bags they require quadruple times as much energy produce and 85 times as much to recycle (Mendis, 2009). The chemicals and inks used in making the plastics can also leak and pollute the environment, particularly the soil and water bodies. When burned, the chemicals and inks in the plastics produce noxious compounds that are a threat to the human life. Pl astic bags are non biodegradable they take about 400 to 1000 courses to disappear. Plastic bags also have the tendency of make suffocation among children. It is estimated that about twenty five children (below one year) in the US suffocate each year because of the plastic bags (Mendis, 2009). The plastic bags are also a threat to the life of most animals. About 105,000 sea animals such as dolphins, penguins, whales and turtles die yearly due to plastic bags. Most of these animals mistake the plastic bags for food, take up them and eventually die (Mendis, 2009). For instance the turtles always mistake the bags for jellyfish. And since the plastic bag are non digestible, they will inviolate even after the animal dies and decomposes. Thus, it lies in the sea and gets ingested with another animal. Having mentioned the impacts of plastic bags on the environment and how it is unsustainable, it is sharp to explore ways of making it environmentally friendly or give alternative for it. To protect the environment, it is therefore important to consider the following alternatives to plastic bags use

ArticleAbstract Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ArticleAbstract Assignments - quiz Exampleicle, based on its two research questions, concludes that league matches are the products of the professional leagues and that the products are change to four parties, the fans, television and other media, communities that either support or offer services to league teams and corporations (Mason 410).It makes an crucial contribution by creating awareness of the roles of different stakeh ageingers in the sports market. By identifying the fans, for example, through their attendance or media charges, as primary buyers of the sports product and not the media product, the word motivates them and promotes their commitment to supporting the economic activity at both(prenominal) social and economic levels. It therefore succeeds in promoting the economic aspect of the sports by identifying benefits to all the involved consumers (Mason 403-414).The article can however be criticized for relying on outdated resources. Using resources that are more th an two decades old can mislead because of the dynamic nature of sports and markets. The researcher also failed to outline his

Community Health Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

familiarity Health Nursing - Essay ExampleQuality of vivification really depends upon not only what the family toilet do, but about what the community health nurse can impart to her patient. In the case of Mrs. Thomas, devising her comfort fit is going to be the nurses primary concern. It seems that Mrs. Thomas is on a politics that includes Vicodin, but she doesnt seem approving of using medication for pain management. However, it is okay for the nurse to tranquillize Mrs. Thomas that this will help her make a smooth transition in the process in which she is going through. She is in a destiny of pain, and managing the pain will definitely take a lot of pressure off of Mr. Thomas knowing that his wife feels better. Unfortunately, m whatsoever times pain is undertreated by physicians in the U.S. Since Mrs. Thomas is a cancer patient, it only makes sense that she is going to feel badly with the metastasis of the cancer to her lungand indeed, it plausibly is as painful as she h as described to the nurse. However, not treating the pain is going to leave Mrs. Thomas without separate recourse, and in the process, Mr. Thomas may become severely affected, seeing his wife in pain and ghost powerless to do much about it. Therefore, the best decision seems to be to treat the pain. This is going to be the greatest help for Mrs. Thomas as she now goes through the dying process. B. Discuss three strategies that you could custom in the Thomass situation to improve the quality of life for Mrs. Thomas and her husband during this illness. community health nurses definitely can have a positive impact on being able to improve the quality of life for terminally ill patients such as Mrs. Thomas. According to Larsen and Lubkin (2009), By evaluating the result to which nursing interventions improve quality of life for clients and families, nurses are in a position to help their clients with this (pp. 156). Of course, many times people may argue about what does quality of life mean. According to Sinclair (2007), Referring to quality of lifeits exposition is notoriously problematic. The tendency toward superficiality in measurement of quality of life in palliative premeditation has been criticized (pp. 62). Three strategies that could be used in order to improve Mrs. Thomass quality of life would include the following have her listen to music make sure she has good hygiene and prep and making sure Mrs. Thomas has some lookors so she can get some social interaction, by chance with her family members who live out-of-state. Music can be a quite calming factor, especially when one is not feeling well. Something light and airy, or classical music, might be especially soothing. In addition, Mrs. Thomas should be very well-groomed and be helped to maintain good soulfulnessal hygiene so that she doesnt get any kind of infection. Third, perhaps visits from her family members from out-of-state might be a nice touch, if the nurse could get in tactual sen sation with them and see if theyd like to visit her. Or, alternatively, the nurse might like to arrange a visit or two from a minister of Mrs. Thomass faith or a bid who cares for hospice patients. Volunteers who work in hospice might best serve Mrs. Thomas if at least one person came to see her on a regular basis so she could maintain some social amour with others outside her husband. C. Create a holistic nursing action plan appropriate for managing Mrs. Thomass care at home by doing the following ? 1. Discuss ways to optimize Mrs. Thomas

Ethics in Health Care Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in Health Care Services - Essay compositors caseThere are exceptions in Ethics Code in extraordinary circumstances where health providers with near related expertise can suggest services if no one else can (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001). It is, however, to a fix that they take a reasonable approach to acquiring competence required.Respect of peoples autonomy forms another(prenominal) crucial tool in minimizing cases of unethicality in the health sector (Duncan, 2010). Health care providers need to offer clients with the information they require to give their informed accord at the start. Failure to give details whitethorn cause sticky situations. For example, when a health practitioner fails to explain own duty to report exclaim to an adolescent client before treatment commences, an unsure scene may occur if abuse is later(prenominal) revealed the client did not want to report. Important discussion should be the estimated length of therapy, fees, and billing practices, wh om to involve in case of emergency and any alternative treatment approaches.When one of his twins died and one survived with brain injuries, Charles rice beer argued that the results came about, because of years delay in handling the physiotherapy. He complained that, the delay was unacceptable as the disciplinal measures of those involved aimed at safeguarding everybody. He complained of the inaction of the ministry and Minister of Health.Munro viewed that the physiotherapy requires maximum care and dedication to ensuring the skill of maximum results. If practitioners can take, maximum care to their parents.

Imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Imaging - examine ExampleTo better understand the physiology of the airway and its system, it is encouraged to know the anatomy first. With this in mind, the paper provide try to explain the anatomy of the lungs of an adult person with presumed healthy and complete parts of it.The Right and the go away Lungs. Normally, the human body has a pair of lungs floating freely inside the pleural cavity which is do up of epithelial membranes forming the pleura. The one which is faced to the lungs is the visceral pleura and the outer is called the parietal pleura. The lungs be contained inside the pectoral cavity and are situated beside each other thus, the right and the left. They are divided by the mediastinum. Although they are basically and supposedly arent connected with any other part in the cavity, they are technically attached to it by its root and the ligamentum pulmonale. When held, the lung would feel light, soft, and spongy in texture and can float when primed(p) in a contai ner with water (Cunningham & Robinson, 1918, p. 1091). According to the authors, the color of the lungs is dependent on the age of a person. It appears rosy-pink in its early years and is darker in adults. This is due to the exposure levels of the lungs to dusts and other impurities.The Lungs and Its Form. The form of the lungs is essentially the result of the structure of the thoracic cavity. As the airways seem to represent an inverted tree, the individual lungs are like inverted cones with the item of the lung in the superior part and the wider part as its inferior and forming its base. The tip is called the apex and the flat protrude is the base. The right lung is slightly larger than the left and is, at the same time, bulkier (Gutman, 2009, p. 77). According to Cunningham and Robinson (1918), the location of the liver down the stairs the right lung contributes to this (p. 1091) along with the presence of the flat diaphragm underneath the both of

The concept of trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The concept of authority - Essay caseTo the extent, this expectation is relegate, there is also risk factors that the other person may not be qualified to stand up to the expectations. Herein lays the risk in believe dealings.It is seen that trust is all encompassing both(prenominal) in organizational and personal interactions. In a nurse-provider setting it is seen in the range and diverse functions that ar being carried out by the service provider towards the care and welfare of the longanimous.The concept of trust is present in all areas of human endeavor where there is need for one person to place trust on another, for the performance of services or actions and it is more so in the cases of nursing services where the handicraft of caring and saving human lives are concerned.Definition A trust could be said to be a basis of relationship between one person and another in terms of the bulletproof belief of the veracity, genuineness and worthiness of the relationship betwee n one people with another. The basis of trust could therefore, be in terms of a joining relationship between one person and another establish upon the fiduciary trust between the persons.However, in the context of nursing trust, it could be defined to be the bond that exists between the client and the health care service provider. In other words, in the case nurse-client trust, the trust between the members of the immediate family of the client, or even the client himself, could be defined to be a process, which comprises of incompatible stratas, some of them of an evolutionary nature that exists between the client and the provider that is based on the foundation of interchangeable beliefs, understandings and intentions. These six characteristics of trust between family and health care provider were identified regardless of patient age, patient condition, health care provider, health care situation, and health care setting. (Lynn-sMcHale & Deatrick. 2000, 210-230).We shall

EDLE 639 - Assignment 3 Modules 3 to 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EDLE 639 - Assignment 3 mental facultys 3 to 6 - Essay ExampleTheir skills is what the physical composition drives to prosper therefore, if a worker is exclusivelyowed to work towards his/her vision with the firm, then the firm will as sound as stand to gain. Some of the issues, which preparational leadership face to ensure the survival of their organisation, include the assessment disturbance, the program line gap and the leadership gap (Kent, 2005). Reasonable individuals differ on the details of 21st century knowledge, however the ordinary themes, which emerge comprise of communication, creativity, teamwork, problem solving and critical thinking. Even though, it is hard to hear an educational leader support lower principles for communication or disapproving teamwork, there is a big gap between reality and rhetoric (Robinson, Ward & Timperley, 2003). Also, it is vital for any educator to master the mood of star(p) their students as education is meant for forming leader s in various fields of life. Module 4 Promoting and supporting enlighten leader and teacher professional learning is vital to a countrys attempts to drive pallidity and excellence for every young Australian (Dunn, 1981). In this manner, AITSL, in union with stakeholders from numerous school education systems and sectors, aids energetically to young Australians attaining the goals set in the Melbourne Declaration as effective learners, creative and cocksure individuals, as well as active and informed citizens (Dunn, 1981). Some of the vital elements, which this charter should address, include the significance of learning in enhancing the professional skills, practice, as well as engagement of all school leaders and teachers to achieve progress in student outcomes. The charter also needs to find a way of articulating the expectations, which all school leaders and teachers vigorously take part in professional learning all through their c arers (Hatcher, 2008). The charter needs to describe the traits of a high quality specialised learning stopping point and successful specialised learning, to help school leaders, teachers, as well as those who help them to get the closely from their learning. The other factors that the charter should consider include occupational competence in teaching, teacher education and occupational competence and the linkage between settings of preparation and practice (Hatcher, 2008). These are the major factors that affect teacher education. Module 5 One the critical success factors for effective governance is developing an all encompassing, as well as conceptually effective framework, centered on the most significant strategic factors that are support by a strategic vision, in addition to a planning process of maybe quintuple years. Schools should be aware of this in order to practice effective governance (Abbey, 2005). The second factor includes outspread and diverse leadership, which taps into the experience and expertise of e ach individual. It also cultivates deep ownership of real strategic change among vital stakeholders. Elevated leadership improves the number of individuals concerned with policy making. It also enhances people who are open to fresh ideas, and hence, are more likely to produce more new ideas. The other factor is learning to lead in wider networks through which firm limits give way to partnerships and teams and there are everyday resources, as well as strategies to attain common results. To aid teaching in all ages, settings and stages, schools need new management

Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woodrow Wilson - experiment ExampleWhile this ship is perhaps the most historically significant, German submarines demonstrated a memoir of interference with United States ships. While the two countries reached a post-1915 treaty, Germany ultimately decided to break this treaty in 1917, clearing the way for future aggressive actions, including the sinking of five American ships. In addition to German interference with American neutrality, the Zimmerman conducting wire constituted a major contributing factor for United States involvement. This telegram was sent between Germany and Mexico, intercepted by British intelligence and interpreted. The telegram indicated that if Mexico joined the war on Germanys side, in victory they would be award the lost territories of Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico.It seems that such a telegram was a valid reason for entering the war. While it would be nave to assume that this telegram was a old reason for the United States involvement, such a telegra m clearly demonstrated to the United States public that German ill will extended beyond involvement in Europe but was increasingly advancing to their backyard. Still, its clear that United States involvement was inevitability after Germany broke neutrality, such that the Zimmerman telegram was scarcely a pretext. Considering prominent theorists, its clear that America had in large part already broken neutrality. front to declaring war on Germany the United States had actively contributed to the war effort through supplying the Britain with military supplies and funding. As such, its clear that the United States involvement in World War I was not only inevitable recurrent to the Zimmerman telegram, but to an extent had already occurred.Had the United States refrained from entering World War I its highly possible history would be greatly altered. The United States involvement ensured that German aggression would be stopped

Why woman should not ever have an Abortion Essay

Why woman should not ever have an Abortion - Essay Example divinity fudge condemns abortion. The reason abortion is prohibited is not just the accompaniment that it is murder, but also because of a whole range of consequences that it causes. In mevery cases, abortion poses risk to the life of the mother. Even if the mother survives the initial risk, she is quite a susceptible to bearing the huge burden of guilt of having killed her own child. Many mothers experience many banish emotional and psychological effects of abortion for a long time in their life.Owing to the fact that life starts at conception, every abortion results in the killing of a human being. To make it withal worse, that human being cannot even speak for his/her rights, he/she does not even know about any rights, and is in the most innocent form. The moment a child starts developing inside the mothers womb, the mothers body does not remain just her body, but also becomes a theatre shared by her child. All these points lead to the conclusion that abortion should be

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS - Essay ExampleRelational exchanges are supported by more frequent chat sourivity.McDonalds is one of the large-scalest fast food chains in the world with more than 30,000 restaurants crosswise the world (Sweney 2004). It operates in innumerable markets, in different countries and cities and thus caters to consumers with different cultures, backgrounds, languages and tastes. Thus its marketing communication plan is not standardised and needs tailoring for different markets.Previously McDonalds focused primarily on the US and thus the marketing communication was comparable in all the regions as the market characteristics were the homogeneous. However, surround Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) as the US market saturated, challenges increased as McDonalds surged new markets abroad. Though the marketing mediums are similar in all the countries, however, as per Fill (2006), the extent to which communication medium is used depends upon the market scene to that medium. As Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) explain, it realised that it could not appeal to all the countries together so it adopted the brand globally, act locally strategy to communicate its messages. For instance according to Douglas, in China, the trend is that when consumers watch TV, the in- betwixt advertisements between programs are generally ignored. Thus keeping this in mind, McDonalds thought that it was a waste to spend large sums of money on TV commercials and thus it concentrated on print media in China. At the same time, adds Cheung (2006) the few TV commercials it ran in the country featured more mannish kids than female, as it is a male dominated society. In East Asia, as Schultz and Philip (1999) exemplify, McDonalds concentrates on TV commercials and features children in them to optimise the results. To retain the tutelage of customers in the US, McDonalds employed the interactive method of advertising via television where the viewers could participate in a competi tion

Database Essay Example for Free

Database EssayDatabase systems are the spinal anesthesia cord of all wellness care organization. It can be define as the collection of health in formation. The use of such systems has improve the health care system for decades encourageing set standards and even regulations to help the system be more effectually productive. There are different database architectures avail fitted to meet the postulate of each organization individually. There is a need for the continuum of database across the health care system.Definition A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities, and the relationships between the entities (Pratt Adamski, 2012, Chapter 1). How data is received, stored, processed, and do available to others has an effect on the success or failure of an organization. The use of different architecture is a most to fit the needs of the organization, however the value of the data still remains in bee n able to access and extract information from the database system, and the only way this can be reached is by organizing, storing, and analyzing it effectively. For many organizations these systems receive become an essential part of their structural and operational success.The effectiveness of databases is based on the fact that from unrivalled single, inclusive database much information regarding a range of organizational principles can be obtained. In the health care industry database systems allows information to be shared and available to different users it can yield an accurate, consistent, and cutting-edge information about a patients condition and treatment, as well as provide a security measure so that the information is only viewable to those who should see it.Database ArchitecturesA database consists of 1 or more tables each containing data stored as individual records. Different database architectures determine how the tables and records are organized or related to one a nonher. According to Penn State University (2008), There are four structural types of database worry systems1. Hierarchical- A hierarchical database is organized in pyramid fashion, like the branches of a tree extending downwards. Related palm or records are grouped together so that there are higher-level records and lower-level records.2. Network- is similar to hierarchical databases by also having a hierarchical structure. There are a few key differences, however. Instead of looking like an upside-down tree, a engagement database looks more like a cobweb or interrelated network of records.3. Relational- connects data in different files by using common data elements or a key theater of operations. Data in relational databases is stored in different tables, each having a key field that uniquely identifies each row. Relational databases are more flexible than either the hierarchical or network database structures. 4. Object-oriented- are useful for handling small snippet s of information such as names, addresses, zip codes, product numbers, and any kind of statistic or number you can think of. It can be used to store data from a variety of media sources, such as photographs and text, and produce work, as output, in a multimedia format (Database Fundamentals).The organization and delivery of healthcare services is an information intensive effort. Generally, the efficiency of healthcare operations is drastically affected by the level of the integration of information across all sectors (Wright, n.d.). Healthcare organizations that have not yet make the effort to integrate their data and relate information in an effective and cost-efficient way will find it difficult to stay afloat or even compete deep down this part of the market. The healthcare market is undergoing changes were information technology has become essential to their every day practicable activities.The need of database users across the health care continuum would increase with the c onveys of technology to be to focus on essay to provide a patient focus services in different entities. Recent advances in policy, send and research are compelling health care leaders across the continuum of care to move beyond aspiring to be more patient- or person-centered to taking action to realize that vision. A growing system of evidence is linking adoption of a patient-centered approach to care to improved outcomes, including reduced lengths of stay, avoidable readmissions and emergency segment visits, and increases in patient satisfaction and employee engagement (Planetree.org, 2012).Database systems serve as a connection pathway to forthcoming strategies of care. The need to keep up and try as much as possible to meet the demand is a most in the health care field. Since many changes are been made to health care, database systems would slide by evolve, to improve and standardized the ability to organize, save, and share information throughout the system providing a mor e efficient and effective line of service for their customers and the demands of their markets for years to come.

Policing Trends and Issues Essay Example for Free

Policing Trends and Issues Essay* History and roles of righteousness enforcement in community.During the register of Law Enforcement the duty of police is to maintain order, dealing with lawbreakers. At the same sequence, citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an peachy society. With the pass of the time, throughout the Law Enforcement field, organized police part defy change dramatic ally. In addition, the upstart style police departments did not appear until the fourteenth century in France and nineteenth century in England. Moreover, the first police officers were Praetorian Guard, who was a select group of highly qualified members of the military accomplished by the Roman emperor Augustus to protect him and his palace. During the 1829, Sir Robert Peel credited with establishing the first English police department which was the London Metropolitan Police. At the same time, during the seventeenth century English policing system also apply a form of individual, private police known them also like the Thief-takers.The Thief-Takers were private English citizens with no official status who were paid by the king for every criminal they arrested. The roles of law enforcement in society atomic number 18 criminal apprehension, conviction, and crime prevention. Throughout the memoir and roles of law enforcement many things agree changed for example the word and punishments for offenders. In the past offenders were treat as animals and slaves, because while in prison they cannot communicate each other, during meal, and work. Moreover, during that time they brace very strict rules, such as silent obedience, discipline, and labor, which they take hold to follow, and many offenders died inside of the prison as a result of brutal treatment.Now, offenders receive a different treatments and punishments, they be able to have communication with their inmates, and they do not receive brutal treatment like animals. They also fo rm their cabal members and sells drugswhile in prison. Then, during the 1980s and 1990s included the development of a computer revolution in policing involving communications, record keeping, fingerprinting, and criminal investigations. * Levels of jurisdiction.Police has jurisdiction and their city sheriff has jurisdiction over the county. * Distinction among the multiple functions of in advance(p) law enforcement agencies. * Analysis of historical events that have shaped modern policing pr human activityices.Past II Scenario1. Throughout the history of police agencies, there have been different traditions surrounding how to detainment DUI stops. If you were on routine police and halt a vehicle on reasonable suspicion of driving while intoxicated, and discovered that the passenger was your attached door neighbor, what would you do? Historically, how would law enforcement handle this type of internet site versus today? First at all, I will not care if he/she is my next door neighbor or even a family member, because I choose to become a police officer to protect and help my community without macrocosm corrupt.Then, I would do the effective thing, without caring who is committing a DUI stop because my job is serving as a police officer and treat all people equal. I will handle this type of situation by asking for their license, insurance, and registration. In my opinion I judge that law enforcement in the past should act violent, with the people. On the other hand, comparing it with today police officers should just ask for their license, insurance and registration, without any belligerence a take inst people.2. You are on foot patrol and a citizen who is known to be a drug school principal walks up to you and complains that another officer is talking money from him. He is afraid of retaliation and is unsure how to handle this. What is the honest and businessal response to this, and why?3. You are on duty and having lunch. While you are eating, a citizen walks up to you and tells you that the bank across the street is beingness robbed. How do you respond? Who has jurisdiction and why?4. You have recently completed field training and are on routine patrol when you receive a call to a disturbance in a home, when you arrive, you realize that one of the individuals involved is threatening suicide. You have not been trained to deal with suicide threats. How do you respond?5. You are on routine patrol and you notice two individuals on the street looking inside of jewelry store. It is 85 degrees out in the middle of July and they are both wearing heavy winter coats. Explain which Supreme Court theme would apply and what you would do in this situation.6. You are recruit that has just graduated from the academy. It is your first week being trained on the street. You and your Field Training Officer walk into a department store and you check him taking an item without paying for it. You leave that store and on your way out he tells you that if you are questioned by anyone, you did not see anything. What do you do in this situation?Part III summary Reactions* How do ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing? Ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing. In other words, ethical decisions are a set of standards that tell us how we should behave at all times. In addition, no one stands without a scratch of ethics everyone has to follow their code of ethics found on their positions. For example, ethics are more than what we must do its doing what we should do following a code of ethics which requires self control at all times. Moreover, ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing and seeing the difference between the right and wrong thing. These ethical decisions are very prodigious in the field of policing because each ethical decision has consequences. For example, when you do the right thing you can gain sacrifice, pride, integ rity, reputation, honor, respect, caring, responsibility and satisfaction than doing an unethical decision and having bad consequences for your career.* In the scenarios above, and in general, why do you think it is authoritative to maintain ethical and professional demeanor in the employment at all times. It is important tomaintain ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all time, because it help you to have self-control, give fairness for all, and because it affects our workplace or business. Another reason of why ethical and professional behavior is important in the workplace at all times is important is because having a good assoil helps maintain a high level of respect not only for people but for the profession you have. In other words, as a professional, you need to know the things you should not do because each workplace has a different ethical code of behavior that has to be follow and not to be violate.On the other hand, being honest, having respect and tel ling the truth all times at work is an ethical thing to do. Maintaining an ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all times, have benefits, which are helpful such as respect, integrity, and honor. Also each professional behavior has a result of progress, and success. Then, having an ethical and professional behavior is important because if you chose a career in criminal justice you have to service of process and protect people from criminals by doing the right thing not by being corrupt. * Describe why it is important to understand the function of law enforcement within the criminal justice and how understanding this can infract prepare you for a career within the criminal justice field. For example, if you chosen career function is corrections, how does law enforcement work with the correctional system in ensuring justice is served?

Us Involvement in World War I Essay Example for Free

Us Involvement in World war I EssayUS Involvement The US started to stick around involved in other countries during the Industrial Age, and we started using imperialism, which lead to World War 1. During the Industrial age, we were focused on get more and more goods so we could run our factories. Trade was very important during this time because we couldnt contend enough goods to the American public, so we mete outd them to other countries. When the US realized they could just take over other country and make them trade, this seemed a lot easier. Imperialism was partly based on, My backyard is my business. Also known as, the Monroe doctrine. We invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, The Philippines, and we created a gyration in Panama against Columbia, and that is where we built the Panama Canal so we could use it for as a transaction r egresse, and a two ocean navy. World War 1 was caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The US entered World War 1 because of three things.The Russian Revolution threatened the US because we didnt want them to drop out of the war. The sinking of the Lusitania was another cause because not only did some Americans die, but we had goods on the ship and if we couldnt trade with Europe because the Germans were sinking our ships with U-boats, we wouldnt be able to run our factories because we had no one to trade with. And last, but not least, the Zimmerman telegram was given to us a month after it had been sent to Mexico.Germany was move to get Mexico involved in the war by telling them if they won they would be able to get back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they attacked the US. We realized that we had to take action fast so we entered the war. All of these were measure when the US had to step out of their bubble and see what was going on the other side of their borders. The industrial age, imperialism, and world war 1 all made the US involved with someone outside of America.

The Courtroom Scene Essay Example for Free

The Courtroom Scene EssayThe crucible was written at the peak of the McCarthism era in the mid 20th century. The play was written by Arthur Miller to show the similarities between The McCarthy Trials and the Salem Witch Trials. This links well to the crucible.The play is about a group of girls who are caught in the woods performing witch-like actions. The girls turn against everyone and make accusing people of universe witches. This immediately creates emphasis.In this essay, I am going to answer the question How does Miller create latent hostility in Act III, The Courtroom Scene? He creates focus in a number of guidances. These ways are deliver vigilances, howeverts, language and friction between characters.Firstly, Arthur Miller uses stage directions to create tension in Act III. A particular example of this is when Goody follow is intensely questioned for the lawfulness of her husbands participation. The stage direction In a crisis of indecision, she cannot spe ak. This shows how she is lacerated between covering up for her husband or telling the truth. The item that is so thrilling is that if she lies, she will of helped Abigail, as Abigail would be able to carry on with her mischievous doings. And if she tells the truth then Abigail would be found guilty of lying and spurious accusations.The direction builds tension, as the audition already know that John Proctor has confessed to the affair with Abigail, and Goody Proctor doesnt know this.Secondly. Miller creates tension by using events in Act III. The best example of this is on page 101, when Abigail and her girl friends are pretense that bloody shame Warren has convoked her spirit onto them. This is shown when Abigail says why ? why do you come, yellow bird?We as the audience automatically sense of smell tension as we know Abigail and the girls are making all these alleged allegations up. We feel stern for bloody shame Warren, as now she is being portrayed as an evil person. Joh n Proctor is the only person who believes bloody shame Warren and does think Abigail and the girls are lying. He shows his feelings by saying Theyre pretending, Mr Danforth This creates tension as we feel that Proctor and Mary Warren are helpless. Proctor needs to help Mary Warren, as Goody Proctor will be persecuted if Abigail and the girls are not brought to justice.Another event that takes redact and creates tension is on page 104/105. This piece of tension links well to the last piece. The even is that aft(prenominal) all of the commotion and lying from Abigail and the girls of Mary Warren summoning a spirit. Mary apologises for sending the spirit, even though it was a lie. This automatically creates tension as the audience are dumfounded by what Mary is doing. She is now covering up for the girls. So they dont get the blame. When she says sorry. Abigail hugs her and they seem to be friends again. This leaves the judges baffled. This creates tension in a different way as well because Proctor is all alone now. The only way to save his wife is Mary Warren telling the truth, now she has turned against him. The audience feel sorry for Proctor, who should know by now that he and his wife are going to be persecuted.Thirdly, Arthur Miller creates tension by using friction between characters in Act III. There are two gauzy examples of this. Firstly, Mary Warren explains to the cost of how Proctor wakes her up at night and says how they should over throw the court to save this wife. This friction is huge because just before Mary Warren states this the court, Mary and Proctor where portion each other. Mary and Proctor were helping each other. This creates tension because Proctor was left by Mary when she said sorry to Abigail for summoning her spirit, and now Mary has made allegation against Proctor. Nothing more could go wrong for him.Mary goes on to say that Proctor has threatened her as well. Ill murder you, he says, if my wife hangs Thus creates tension as Mary and Proctor were friends but now he is dense her. The audience feel an agonising heart-break for Proctor, yet feel he shouldnt of threatened Mary. The friction has built up again. Secondly, on page 105, Proctor says that his and Danforths casefuls are like the devils. Proctor says, I see his filthy face And it is mine and your Danforth It creates friction because Danforth is appalled that Proctor could relate him to the devil. Between these too character there has incessantly been friction because Proctor believes the girls are lying, whereas Danforth doesnt. When Proctor says this he means that Danforth has the face of the devil for allowing all of these false accusation to happen. Proctor has the face of the devil because he had the affair with Abigail, which sparked the whole event.Lastly, language in The Crucible creates tension. An example o this is on page 98, when John Proctor admits he lusted for Abigail and tells the truth about the affair and how Abigail is trying to get revenge. The line is She thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave This language is difficult for the audience to understand, as it is old English. This creates tension because it could mean different things and as the audience doesnt know what it means, it lets imaginations come out and start to think what he means.To conclude Arthur Miller uses and creates tension to a full effect and pulls it off with great strength. The tension was good and easy to create as he used four main elements, stage directions, events, frictions between characters and language.

Pieter Bruegel Essay Example for Free

Pieter Bruegel EssayThe spiritual rebirth was a period of time between the 1400s and the 1700s, where new views of artistic creation and science were created. There were many important figures in this time period. Artists contributed a lot of information to the Renaissance in their art. Among these great artists was a Flemish artist by the name of Pieter Bruegel. Bruegel was significant to the Renaissance date because of his remarkable paintings that showed everyday life scenes during the Renaissance period in Europe.Bruegels time was much contrary than life as we know it now. Pieter Bruegel was born(p) around 1527, near Netherlands. He was most(prenominal) plausibly born in the town of Bruegel, Brabant (Gibson 13). Like many young boys during the Renaissance, Bruegel studied his fathers craft, which was art. Bruegel was most likely one of the much wealthy residents of Netherlands. This enabled him to attend school at a young geezerhood. Though most of Bruegels early li fe is unknown, we can infer how everyday life may have been during the Renaissance. Pieter Bruegel was taught more in depth about art shortly after his childhood.Pieter Bruegel had a great education. Bruegels teachers were adept artists. Claude Dorizi, one of Bruegels teachers, was an art dealer in Malines. Another one of Bruegels teachers was Pieter Coeke. At the age of about 34, Bruegel entered the painters high society at Antwerp(Gibson 13-15). There, he amend his painting skills and learned how to paint more possible scenes. Bruegel later started painting both religious and everyday common place scenes. This shows that Bruegels education real seemed to develop his painting skills into a new level of artist expression.Bruegel accomplished a lot in his life. Some of Bruegels most notable works are Peasant Wedding and The joy of Death(Stechow 47). In Peasant Wedding, the wedding guests are shown as stocky figures celebrating a simple wedding feast(World h anile in 648). The run of Death is much different. It shows an army of skeletons roaming a fiery, dark landscape. In about 1553, Bruegel collaborated with several artists, especially the famous artist, Giulio Clovio(Stechow 45). Bruegel was slowly becoming famous, and began to make drawings for Hierorymus Cock( Stechow 45). Many of Bruegels painting taught, and still teach a moral(World Book 648). This shows us that Bruegel cared about education.Bruegel traveled a lot during his later life. In about 1562, he visited Amsterdam(Stechow 45). Bruegel returned to put up in Brussels, which is in Belgium(Stechow 45). There he married and had two children, Jan and Pieter(Gibson 17). In about 1568, Bruegel moved to Antwerp(Stechow 45). Bruegel lived in Antwerp for about two years, leading up to his death. Bruegel died around 1569-1571(Gibson 13). He was about 44 years old at the time of his death. This shows that even though Bruegel died at a relatively young age, he improved the Renaissance. Bruegel greatl y influenced the Renaissance with his great knowledge of art.Bruegel was an important Flemish artist. He was born around 1527. Bruegel entered the painters guild at Antwerp in 1551. Some of Bruegels famous works include Peasant Wedding and The Triumph of Death. Bruegel died close to the year 1569-1571.

Ethics Answers Essay Example for Free

Ethics Answers assay1) Yes, I agree with Em homophileuel Kant. It is said that a mans worth is measured by how a lot he helped others to ease their burdens, and acted with compassion for the well-being of the majority. But first, he must pre serve well his integrity and haughtiness before he can serve his fellow man. As Kant stated, one who transgresses against himself loss his manliness and arrests unequal to(p) of doing his duty towards his fellows. The most important duty to us is the preservation of ones life and dignity. 2) Yes. Certainly, self-destruction is abominable. And Kants arguments against suicide are very convincing and tenable. We, as human beings, are vested with the gift of willpower, the independence to choose things that make us happy and contented. It would be a waste if this willpower is used as a means to destroy ones very life. Suicide defeats the purpose of what makes us human, that is to serve others and dignify ones life. 3) In this instance, the Congressman lost his self-worth in two ways one, by accepting bribe, and the second by being drunk. Because a mans worth is by doing his moral duty to himself and others, this duty would not be attained because he transgresses against himself. Kant observed that he who transgresses against himself loses his manliness and become incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. A man who fails in his duty to himself loses worth absolutely. 4) Worth in Emmanuel Kants concept is the capacity of an individual to perform his moral duties to himself and others. It is a mans over-all personality. Thus, a man who has destroyed and cast away his personality, has no intrinsic worth, and can no longer perform any(prenominal) manner of duty to himself and to his fellow human being.

The American Exceptionalism Development Essay Example for Free

The American Exceptionalism Development EssaySince the mothering of the founding of the English colonies, This land we immediately song America has always been looked upon as the promise land and land of opportunites. having the image of exceptionalism has been a great component of U.S chronicle. from the founding of the English Colonies, throuhgh 1877, The American Identity was the image of _______________________________________ . Although many a(prenominal) changes in ruling, laws, and roles happened during this period, Americans were legato able to reach the expectiations they had since the beginning of their condem earth. The United lands started off as colonies in the 1600s. When John Winthrope founded the colony of mammy bay, he as a leader wanted to bring together a society of righteous codes in reference to the bible.He gave the NOTION that New England was looked upon as a city upon a cumulus which was to mean that more Americans began to see themseves as exe mplary and a forge to the quietus of the world. The American ideal at this period of time was to be seen as a model ground on religion. let us choose life, that we and our seed may sound by obeying His voice and cleaving to h/im, for He is out life, and our prosperity. (Winthrope, 1630) This helps understand that Americans were living based on God and obeying Him. As more time passed and more settlers arrive to the new land, the first colonial constitution came to action in 1639, known as The Fundamental Orders.This constituion paved the way for self-government and democratic freedom in the spousal relationship American Colonies. If the idea of self-government never came to mind, Americans wouldnt carry been able to reach laws against england and create laws and government to benefit the Americans. which soon lead to the freeing of power from BRITAIN, in having said that, would pad the ideals of the American Exceptionalism. In 1677, a charter for the separation of church and state was created, guaranteeing separation of church and state in the American colonies bringing the Americans closer to freedom.Blacks, however, did not recieve these rights, they soon at this time began introducing slavery. Women also had been looked smooth on simply because they ar weak. By the 1700s The coloies had begun to shape. Charters, Acts and laws have been established, more rights were given, but of course, Slaves were excluded. In 1738, the huge Awakening had begun to take full swing reshaping religious policies, and by 1763, the road to independence from Britan had begun. The Boston kill and The Boston Tea Party were two great events that showed how Americans began to push their way through and to fight for their independence.As Americans get closer to their independence, Women begin to GROW with ENTHUSIASM and curiosity about their rights. powerful before the answer of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies, Abigail Adams had written to John Adams about the New code of laws and how she wished, they be more considerate to the women and their rights. Abigail also threatens that If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are fixed to foment a rebellion and willl not encumber ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation. (Adams 1776) This is a bold statement proves of another identity that America has Women had no voice, nor representation in anything. From the 1600s to the late 1700s, America still has not changed in accordance to who is include in having rights women always had the image of staying home and caring for housework and children, and slaves never had rights. A little after(prenominal) the personal correspondence between Abigail and John, the Colonies finally gained their independence from Britain.Although the promulgation of lndependence, which was established July 4, 1776, did declare independence from Britain, this declaration also states laws to prevent something like the ruli ng of Britain happen again. In the declaration of independence it is stated that We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain nontransferable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Jefferson 1776) At the time, the words All men are created equal was not clarified unto who was created equal, did they mean all humans, or all young-begetting(prenominal)s? The meaning behind men in that time period was meant for white men, or men who would vote, and had a voice and represintation. In this new ideal of America, many groups of people were excluded, such of those would again be women, and blacks. In 1783, however, Slaves do get their freedom if they served in the Continental army. In 1801, when Thomas Jefferson gives out his first inaugural address In the Inaugural Address, he points to parking lot underlying principles and a loyalty that transcends partisanship.He praised a minimal federal government, and avowed a federalism affirming verbalise governments in all their rights as a shield against antirepublican tendencies. (Jefferson 1801) By this time, Jefferson is attempting to better the country by communicate out about what should be done, he tries to bring back the identity of being a model to the rest of the world. Not long after, in 1839, John L. OSullivan also points out America and its destination to better deeds on Manifest Destiny. Sullivan tells about the principles as a country that we are and how we are the nstion of progress, of individual freedom, of universal enfranchisement. (Sullivan 1839) When Sullivan speaks of America, he does include everyone as a whole. During this time period, this was the period of renewing, and revival in the United States. Because of this Manifest Destiny, many new opportunities were open to the people and many changes were made in the government, along with slavery. During this period of renewing and re vival Women finally make an early move in womens rights.Elizabeth Cady Stanton paired up with Lucrettia Mott, and wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848. Stanton models directly on the declaration of Independence it identified male patriarchy as the source of womens oppression and demanded the vote for women as a sacred and intrinsical right of republican citizenship. In the Declaration of Sentiments Stanton rewrites the declaration of independence with one of the tweaks being We hold these truths to be self-evident that all mem and women are created equal(Stanton 1848) This reminds us of how Americans have gotten carried away from including everyone, now to just certain groups. During the 1800s not only do women start movements, but blacks also begin to get some freedom as soon states begin to illigalize slavery and prohibit it. During the civil war, Abraham capital of Nebraska gives out his gettysburg speech adress in 1863 and brings to attention the strive and perserverance these men have given to the war.Fourscore and 7 years ago our fathers broughtt forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and sanctified to the proposition that all men are created equal. (Lincoln 1863) He highlighted the fact that liberty and equality were the core components for the freedom of America. Lincoln urged the common man and politician to consider the lives lost in the attempt to save the nation from colonization, and pay tribute to the unsung heroes. He emphasized on the fact that the Gettysburg Address may be forgotten in time, but not the soldiers who willingly laid down their lives.By 1877, much has changed and been accomplished. moe states nullify slavery, and blacks finally have some rights in the Constitution, and representation in congress. Women still fought to get their voice and relative now had control of the states rather than have another country take over. looking through the history that Americans went through from founding colonies to staying united as a whole, Americans managed to live up to those standards and ideals that they set for themselves in the beginning. although there were troubles throughout the years in including and excluding certain people, Americans strived through in still becoming exceptional and trying to include everyone in the country.BibliographyAdams, Abigail and John. Personal Correspondence. March-May, 1776. Cady Stanton, Elizabeth. Declaration of Sentiments. Seneca Falls, N.Y. July 19th and 20th, 1848. Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies. 1776. Jefferson, Thomas. First Inaugural Address. Washington, D.C., 1801. Lincoln, Abraham. The Gettysburg Address. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 19 November 1863. L.OSullivan, John. On Manifest Destiny. 1839.Winthrope,John. The Modell of a Christian Charity. 1630.

Education in Schools Essay Example for Free

statement in Schools EssayThe Inspectorate wishes to thank the following for the example of photographs Clonakilty Community College, Clonakilty, Co Cork Saint Marks Community School, T entirelyaght, capital of Ireland 24 Saint Mac Daras Community College, Templeogue, capital of Ireland 6W Scoil Barra Naofa, Monkstget, Cork Scoil Nano Nagle and Talbot Senior National School, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 Whitechurch National School, Whitechurch Road, Dublin 16 2008 Department of tuition and Science ISBN-0-0000-0000-X.De singularityed by pillowcase Fish Design, Dublin Printed by Brunswick Press, Dublin Published by Evaluation Support and Research social unit Inspectorate Department of reproduction and Science Marlborough Street Dublin 1 To be purchased directly from Government Publications sales Office Sun Alliance Ho engross Molesworth Street Dublin 2 or by placement from Government Publications Postal Trade Section Unit 20 Lakeside Retail Park Cl atomic number 18morris Co Mayo 20 circumscribe Foreword Executive summary xi xiii Part 1 design Chapter 1 ICT in primordial and post- immemorial education in Ireland 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3.Introduction circumstance ICT insurance policy and investment in education 1. 3. 1 1. 3. 2 1. 3. 3 1. 4 1. 4. 1 1. 4. 2 1. 4. 3 1. 4. 4 1. 5 constitution for ICT in education ICT in the curriculum Investment in ICT in education Computers in schooltimes separate ICT equipment in schools Expenditure on ICT and adept support Other areas covered in the census 1 2 3 6 6 9 11 12 12 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 30 30 30 30 30 ICT infrastructure census in schools (2005) Summary Evaluation methods Chapter 2 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Introduction Approaches to evaluating ICT in schools Overview and aims of the paygrade National survey of pristine and post-primary superstars and instructors 2. 4. 1 2. 4. 2 2. 4. 3 2. 4.4 Survey sampling methods Survey research methods Response rate par of respondents and population 2. 5 2. 6 Case-study school evaluations 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 Primary schools Post-primary schools Observations during schoolroom inspections (primary) and subject inspections (post-primary) 27 2. 7 2. 8 On-line evaluation Evaluation outputs and terms 2. 8. 1 2. 8. 2 2. 8. 3.Outputs Junior and major(postnominal) distinguishes Quantitative terms employ in this report iii ICT in Schools Part 2 Chapter 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 ICT infrastructure and planning in schools ICT infrastructure in primary and post-primary schools 31 32 33 37 38 41 41 42 45 45 49 53 56 57 59 59 61 64 64 66 69 70 70 72 73 75 79 80 81 90 98 99 99 101 102 102 105.Introduction The ICT advisory service ICT and funding ICT principal(prenominal)tenance, practiced support, and obsolescence Access to computing devices 3. 5. 1 3. 5. 2 Access by teachers Access by students Organisation of ICT facilities in case-study primary schools Organisation of ICT facilities in case-study post-primary schools 3. 6. The recitation o f computers in schools 3. 6. 1 3. 6. 2 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9.ICT peripherals Software enjoyment of e-mail 3. 10. 1 3. 10. 2 3. 11. 1 3. 11. 2 The erudition platform The school web office master(prenominal) findings Recommendations ICT planning in primary and post-primary schools 3. 10 The on-line environment 3. 11 Summary of findings and recommendations Chapter 4 4. 1 4. 2 Introduction The planning process 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 2 4. 2. 3 4. 2.4 The ICT manoeuvre committee The ICT co-ordinator The ICT plan The acceptable- lend oneself policy Teachers superior evolution Using ICT in family lineroom and lesson planning and eagerness Planning for using ICT in direction and schooling Principals priorities for ICT development Teachers priorities for ICT development Main findings Recommendations.4. 3 execution of instrument of ICT planning 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 4. 3. 3 4. 4 Forward planning 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 2 4. 5 Findings and recommendations 4. 5. 1 4. 5. 2 iv Part 3 Chapter 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 ICT and belief and instruction in schools ICT and teach and larn in primary schools 107 108 108 111 111 112 113 114 116 120 126 127 127 127 128 129 130 131 133 134 134 134 unitary hundred thirty-five 135 137 139 140 141 141 145 148 149 151 152 153 155 163 167 Introduction Teachers ICT qualifications and acquirements Classroom practice and ICT 5. 3. 1 5. 3. 2 5. 3. 3 5. 3. 4 5. 3. 5 5. 3. 6 5. 3.7 Planning absolute frequency of ICT apply Organisation of ICT economic consumption Focus of ICT implement practice session of resources and applications in the classroom tonus of readiness Provision for students with spare educational of necessity by mainstream class teachers Access to ICT Planning for the engagement of ICT Frequency of ICT lend oneself Focus of ICT use Use of resources and applications Quality of provision 5. 4 ICT in special education 5. 4. 1 5. 4. 2 5. 4. 3 5. 4. 4 5. 4. 5 5. 4. 6 5. 5 5. 6.Assessment Developing ICT in the classroom 5. 6. 1 5. 6. 2 Factors that c onstrain the development of ICT in the curriculum Factors that facilitate the development of ICT in the curriculum Main findings Recommendations ICT and dogma and scholarship in post-primary schools 5. 7 Findings and recommendations 5. 7. 1 5. 7. 2 Chapter 6 6. 1 6. 2 Introduction ICT qualifications and skills 6. 2. 1 6. 2.2 Teachers ICT qualifications and skill aims Students ICT skill levels Timetabling of dedicate ICT lessons Curriculum and content of utilise ICT lessons School principals support for the use of ICT in the classroom ICT in practice in the classroom Quality of provision 6. 3 Dedicated ICT lessons 6. 3. 1 6. 3. 2 6. 4 Classroom practice and ICT 6. 4. 1 6. 4. 2 6. 4. 3 6. 5 ICT and special educational needfully v ICT in Schools 6. 6 6. 7 Assessment Developing ICT in the classroom 6. 7. 1 6. 7. 2 Factors that constrain the development of ICT in the classroom Factors that facilitate the development of ICT in the classroom Main findings Recommendations.168 168 168 one hundred seventy 172 172 174 6. 8 Findings and recommendations 6. 8. 1 6. 8. 2 Part 4 Chapter 7 7. 1 7. 2 Summary of findings and recommendations Main findings and recommendations 177 178 179 179 181 182 184 184 186 188 188 189 191 194 197 Introduction Main findings 7. 2. 1 7. 2. 2 7. 2. 3 Infrastructure ICT Planning ICT in direction and schooling ICT infrastructure Professional development needs of teachers ICT infrastructure in schools Planning for ICT in schools ICT in instruct and learning 7. 3 Main recommendations for policy- commitrs and policy advisors 7. 3. 1 7. 3. 2 7. 4 Main recommendations for schools 7. 4. 1 7. 4. 2 7. 4. 3 References Appendix vi Abbreviations.AP AUP BOM CAD CEB CESI CPD DES ECDL EGFSN ERNIST ESI EU FETAC ICD ICT ISC LC LCA LCVP LSRT MLE NCC NCCA NCTE NPADC OECD PCSP PISA SCR SDP SDPI SDPS SDT SESE SESS SIP TIF VEC VLE WSE assistant principal acceptable use policy board of management computer-aided design Commercial Examining Board Computer Studies party of Ireland continuing professed(prenominal) development Department of Education and Science European Computer Driving indorse Expert Group on Future Skills Needs European Research Network for ICT in Schools of tomorrow Education Services Interactive (Project).European Union Further Education and Training Awards Council in-career development knowledge and dialogues applied science Information Society Commission Leaving Certificate (Established) Leaving Certificate employ Leaving Certificate Vocational program learning-support resource teacher managed learning environment National engagement Council National Council for Curriculum and Assessment National Centre for Technology in Education National Policy Advisory and knowledge Committee Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Primary Curriculum Support Programme Programme for Inter field of study Student Assessment student-computer ratio school development planning School Development Planning Initiative (Post-primary).School Development Planning Support (Primary) special-duties teacher Social, Environmental and Scientific Education Special Education Support Service Schools Integration Project Telecommunications and Internet Federation Vocational Education Committee virtual learning environment whole-school evaluation vii ICT in Schools hold overs plug-in 1. 1 instrument panel 1. 2 Table 1. 3 Table 2. 1 Table 2. 2 Table 2. 3 Table 2. 4 Table 3. 1 Table 4. 1 Table 4. 2 Table 4. 3.Table 4. 4 Table 4. 5 Table 4. 6 Table 5. 1 Table 5. 2 Table 5. 3 Table 5. 4 Table 5. 5 Table 5. 6 Table 5. 7 Table 5. 8 Table 5. 9 Funding of ICT in education policy initiatives Student-computer ratio (SCR) in each school sector in given historic period Proportion of schools having at least one dogged and one mobile data projector Comparison of survey sample.and population, primary schools Comparison of survey sample and population, post-primary schools Number and level of lessons ascertained, post-pri mary schools Quantitative terms utilise in the report Awareness and use of NCTE and ICT advisory service among teachers Teachers attendance at NCTE and ICT advisory service training courses Professional development preferences of post-primary teachers, by subject Teachers use of profits resources in planning and preparation for precept Primary principals views on the strategical development of ICT Post-primary principals views on the strategic development of ICT Teachers priority areas for the development of ICT Proportion of primary teachers who rated their proficiency in ICT skills as either modal(a) or advanced.Proportion of primary teachers who rated their efficacy in each of three ICT tasks that facilitate instruction and learning as either intermediate or advanced Inspectors observations on the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in classrooms Teachers use of software and the internet to facilitate learning nigh frequently apply applications in the teaching of individual curricular areas Applications used by members of special-education support teams to promote the development of skills.Most frequently used applications to promote the development of individual learning priority areas Comparison of inspectors ratings of the tonicity of ICT provision in supporting children with special educational needs in mainstream and special-education support settings Table 5. 10 Table 6. 1 Table 6. 2 Table 6.3 Sample of inspectors comments on the spirit of ICT use in special-education support settings Proportion of post-primary teachers who rated their proficiency in ICT skills as either intermediate or advanced Proportions of post-primary teachers who rated their ability in each of three ICT tasks that facilitate teaching and learning as either intermediate or advanced 144 Timetabled dedicated ICT lessons in post-primary schools 149 142 133 132 131 130 113 117 117 111 109 12 13 14 24 25 29 30 36 83 88 93 100 100 102 Inspectors comments on the qua lity of use of ICT observed in teaching and learning 123 viii Table 6. 4 Table 6. 5 Table 6. 6 Table 6. 7 Table 6. 8 Table 6. 9.Commonly taught topics in dedicated ICT lessons Principals descriptions of how ICT is used in some subjects Principals views on the pertain of ICT on teaching and learning Location of lessons observed during subject inspections ICT resources available in the classrooms of lessons observed Use of the internet and software in teaching and learning 151 153 154 155 155 161 Diagrams Fig. 2. 1 Fig. 2. 2 Fig. 2. 3 Fig. 3. 1 Fig. 3. 2 Fig. 3. 3 Fig. 3. 4 Fig. 3. 5 Fig. 3. 6 Fig. 3. 7 Fig. 3. 8 Fig. 3. 9 Fig. 3. 10 Fig. 4. 1 Fig. 4. 2 Fig. 4. 3 Fig. 4. 4 Fig. 4. 5 Fig. 4. 6 Fig. 4. 7 Fig. 4. 8 Fig. 4. 9 Fig. 4. 10 Fig. 4. 11 Fig. 4. 12 Fig. 4. 13 Fig. 5. 1 Fig. 5. 2 Fig. 5.3 Survey response rates Mainstream lesson observations in primary schools Subjects reviewed at post-primary level Teachers ratings of NCTE and ICT advisory services Access to computers by primary teachers Access to computers by post-primary teachers Access to computers by fifth-class students Access to computers by fifth-year students Frequency of use of ICT peripherals by primary teachers Frequency of use of ICT peripherals by post-primary teachers Provision and use of e-mail channelise by subject taught, post-primary schools.The primary school web site teachers responses The post-primary school web site teachers responses Contents of ICT plans, primary schools Contents of ICT plans, post-primary schools Staff ICT training in primary schools in spite of appearance the previous three years Staff ICT training in post-primary schools within the previous three years Principals and teachers views on ICT training requirements, primary schools Principals and teachers views on ICT training requirements, post-primary schools Use of computers for lesson preparation Resources stick outd by mainstream primary teachers using ICT Use of the internet in planning and preparation for te aching, by subject Scoilnet visits by teachers.The most popular sections of Scoilnet among teachers Teachers ratings of Scoilnet Teachers views on what Scoilnet should contain Use and related proficiency of applications in teaching Extent to which mainstream teachers plan for the use of ICT Organisation of teaching and learning during use of ICT 23 28 29 34 41 42 43 44 54 54 58 62 62 77 77 81 82 86 87 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 110 112 113 ix ICT in Schools Fig. 5. 4 Fig. 5. 5 Fig. 5. 6 Fig. 5. 7 Fig. 5. 8 Fig. 5. 9 Fig. 5. 10 Fig. 5. 11 Fig. 5. 12 Fig. 5. 13 Fig. 5. 14 Fig. 6. 1 Fig. 6. 2 Fig. 6. 3 Fig. 6. 4 Fig. 6. 5 Fig. 6. 6 Fig. 6. 7 Fig. 6. 8 Fig. 6. 9 Fig. 7. 1.Frequency of ICT use to promote learning in curricular areas Frequency of ICT use among mainstream and special class teachers to facilitate development of skills Frequency of use of individual internet resources by internet users Inspectors rating of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning Students proficiency in individual tasks Level of ICT support for students with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms Level of access by students with special educational needs in special-education support settings.Extent to which special-education support team members plan for the use of ICT Inspectors observations of the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in special-education support settings Frequency of ICT use in special-education support settings to facilitate development of skills Inspectors ratings of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning observed in special-education support settings Proficiency and use of applications in teaching Students use of computers Students ICT skill levels Use of ICT in the planning and preparation of observed lessons Main uses of ICT in teaching and learning in the subjects inspected, as inform by teachers.Frequency of use of computers in teaching Settings in which ICT is used in classrooms Use of the internet and applications, by s ubject area Inspectors rating of the quality of use of ICT in teaching and learning observed International student-computer ratios from PISA 2003 114 115 119 122 125 126 127 128 128 129 132 143 146 147 156 157 158 159 162 164 179 x Foreword.Information and communication technology has brought pro bring changes to almost all aspects of our lives in recent years. It has transformed activities as basic as how we work, communicate with each other, treat illnesses, travel, shop and enjoy our leisure time. The pace of change shows no sign of slowing indeed, the development of ICT and its applications to areas much(prenominal) as the integration of media, are continuing at even hot rates than heretofore. In a relatively short period of time, ICT skills extradite become as primitive to living a full life as being able to read, write and compute. Ireland has been a tether player in the development of the ICT industry.We generate been a leading exporter of ICT hardware and software, and legion(predicate) of the key businesses in the industry necessitate important bases here. Like other countries, we stomach also recognised that if our young hoi polloi are to live full lives in a world transformed by ICT, they need to have opportunities to acquire and develop ICT skills from an early age. Since the late 1990s, we have made considerable investments in ICT infrastructure in schools, and in training for teachers and other headmasters. Until now, little national research evidence has been published on the impact that the new technologies have had on schools and especially on teaching and learning.This report examines the extent to which ICT has been used in schools at twain primary and post-primary levels and, more(prenominal) importantly, assesses the impact that ICT has had on teaching and learning, including the ways in which ICT is used to support the learning of students with special educational needs. The evaluation shows that while much progress has be en achieved in the roll-out of ICT in schools, considerable challenges remain.The report presents findings and recommendations that allow for be of interest to teachers, principals, school support services, curriculum developers and policy-makers. I want that it will inform debate and policy decisions on how we can ensure that young people have the skills, knowledge and attitudes necessary to benefit from the opportunities presented by this powerful technology in the years ahead. Eamon Stack head teacher Inspector xi ICT in Schools xii Executive summary xiii ICT in Schools Executive summary.An evaluation of the infrastructure, planning and use of information and communications technology in teaching and learning was conducted by the Inspectorate in primary and post-primary schools during the school year 2005/06.The objectives of the evaluation were to examine the extent to which ICT was used in primary and post-primary schools to quantify the impact of ICT on teaching and lear ning to assess the ICT skills of students at selected points in the education system and to dumb bring their views on their experience of ICT in their schooling to obtain the views of principals and teachers on their ICT skills and their opinions of the impact and future fibre of ICT in education to make recommendations for policy development regarding ICT in schools. xiv Executive summary.The evaluation methods comprised a national survey of primary (234) and post-primary (110) principals a national survey of primary (1,162) and post-primary (800) teachers case-study school evaluations by inspectors (32 primary schools, 20 post-primary schools) observations during classroom inspections (77 primary schools) observations during subject inspections (111 post-primary schools) a follow-up on-line survey of teachers in case-study post-primary schools. Summary of main findings The findings and recommendations are summarised here and are elaborated in chapter 7. Infrastructure The student-computer ratio (SCR) in Irish schools is 9. 11 at primary level and 71 at post-primary level.Information available from the OECD suggests that countries that have taken the lead in the provision of ICT in schools are aiming for or achieving a SCR of 51. In the main, schools make effective use of the grants provided by the DES for developing their ICT systems. However, schools normally spend considerably more on ICT than the sums made available through these grants schemes. The lack of technical support and precaution is a portentous impediment to the development of ICT in schools. At primary level, computer rooms are generally a feature of the larger schools. However, access by students to computers was found to be superior where the computers were located in the classrooms.At the post-primary level there is a greater permeation of computers in specialist rooms than in general classrooms. Schools were found to use a extra range of ICT peripherals, mainly printers , scanners, and digital cameras. Digital projectors were found in post-primary schools.At primary level, interactive whiteboards were present in a small number of schools. Schools that made dedicated computer facilities available to teachers reported that it led to the use of more high-quality and creative teaching resources in classrooms. xv ICT in Schools Planning Responsibility for ICT in a school can lie with an ICT steering committee, the principal, the delegate principal, an ICT co-ordinator, or a combination of these personnel department.Greater efficiency is achieved where a named person has responsibility for ICT within a school and where their role is clearly defined. The majority (71%) of primary schools surveyed, but few than half (46%) of post-primary schools, were found to have a written ICT plan.These plans tend to get more on infrastructural issues than on how ICT can be used to enhance teaching and learning. Most schools (83% of primary schools, 87% of post- primary schools) were found to have an acceptable-use policy (AUP). This is a produce of the requirements of the Schools Broadband Access Programme and the safety-awareness initiatives of the NCTE.It is also an indication of the seriousness that schools attach to the risks associated with the use of the internet. The majority of teachers make some use of ICT in lesson planning and preparation. Newly qualified teachers are more likely to use ICT for this purpose than their more undergo colleagues. However, fewer teachers were found to plan for the use of ICT in teaching and learning. At the post-primary level, planning for the use of ICT in teaching varies between subjects.The programmes for Transition Year, LCVP and LCA specifically encourage planning for the use of ICT in teaching and learning. Teachers of these programmes regularly reported that their involvement also encouraged them to use ICT in their teaching with other class assemblages. School principals and teachers iden tified the provision and maintenance of hardware in schools and the provision of professional development opportunities in ICT as being strategically important for the development of ICT in their school. Generic programmes of professional development, because of their wider appeal, were found to have a greater take-up among teachers than topic-specific programmes.Teaching and learning Only 30% of primary teachers and 25% of post-primary teachers rated their ability as either intermediate or advanced with regard to using teaching and learning methods that are facilitated by ICT. Recently qualified teachers had a higher perception of their ICT skills than more experienced teachers. At the primary level, the inspectors reported evidence of the use of ICT to facilitate teaching and learning in 59% of the classrooms visited. However, the inspectors observed ICT actually being used in only 22% of the lessons observed. Nearly a rear end of all inspections showed a competent or optimal le vel of performance in relation to the use of ICT in the classroom. xvi Executive summary Where ICT is used in primary classrooms it predominates in core curricular areas, such as English and Mathematics, and in Social, Environmental and Scientific Education (SESE). The evaluation found that many fifth-class students in primary schools do not have the competence to complete basic tasks on the computer. musical composition most students reported being able to perform many of the most basic computer tasks, such as turning a computer on and off and opening move or saving a file, more than 30% reported that they were not able to print a document or to go on the internet by themselves. Almost half (47%) reported not being able to lay down a document by themselves. The majority did not know how to create a initiation (72%), use a spreadsheet (86%), or send an attachment with an e-mail message (88%). Competence in the use of ICT is limited for the most part to basic ICT skills, centred on the use of word-processing. Only 18% of the post-primary lessons observed by the inspectors gnarly an ICT-related activity.Students interaction with the technology was observed in only about a quarter of these instances. The most plebeian ICT-related activity observed was the use of a data projector to make a presentation to a class group. Inspectors judged that effective integration of ICT in teaching and learning was occurring in approximately half of the lessons in which the use of ICT was observed (i. e. in approximately 11% of all lessons observed). Dedicated ICT lessons at the post-primary level are more prevalent among first-year classes, and are provided less frequently as students progress towards the Junior Certificate. The majority of schools concentrate on providing students with such lessons in their Transition Year, in the LCVP, and in the LCA. High levels of integration of ICT were found at the post-primary level in the science and applied science subjects and in subjects in the social studies I group. 1 Subjects were also identified that rarely made use of ICT, the most notable being Irish. The evaluation found that fifth-year students in post-primary schools had the confidence to perform many basic computer operations by themselves, for example saving, printing, deleting, opening and editing a document.However, it also found that they generally needed some assistance to perform more complicated tasks, such as moving files, copying files to external storage devices, and writing and sending e-mail. A relatively low proportion of these students reported being able to create a multimedia presentation.Students undeniable most help with attaching a file to an e-mail message, constructing a web page, or dealing with computer viruses. While the post-primary inspectors generally commented positively on the students ICT work that they observed, they were also concerned that the tasks undertaken by the students were largely word-processing and p resentation tasks.1 Social Studies I group includes History Geography Art, Craft, and Design and Music. Social Studies II group includes Religious Education Physical Education Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE) and Social, Personal and Health Education (SPHE). xvii ICT in Schools ICT is widely used to facilitate the provision by schools of special education.Generally, ICT is used more frequently by members of the special-education team rather than by mainstream class teachers. The emphasis in students engagement with ICT in special-education settings is mainly on the support of literacy. Support for ICT The level of awareness among teachers of the ICT advisory service is generally low, with fewer than half the respondents at both the primary and the post-primary level reporting an awareness of it. Awareness is higher, however, among ICT co-ordinators than among other teachers. The use of the ICT advisory service is also low. At the primary level only 22% of all responde nts reported having used the service, while at the post-primary level the corresponding figure was 15%.Summary of key recommendations for policy-makers and policy advisors The level of ICT infrastructure in schools needs to be improved. Specifically, Ireland should be working towards equipping not save all schools but all classrooms with an appropriate level of ICT infrastructure. Consideration should be given to equipping all classrooms with a computer for use by the teacher, broadband internet access with adequate bandwidth, and a fixed data projector and screen for use by the teacher in presentations. Furthermore, to ensure appropriate access to ICT by students, Ireland should strive to reduce its student-computer ratio (SCR) from the present 9.11 in primary schools and 71 in post-primary schools. International evidence suggests that countries that have taken a lead in this area are aiming for or achieving a ratio of 51 or less in all schools. Improvements in ICT infrastructur e will need to be supported by the introduction of a national ICT technical support and maintenance system for schools. Schools also need to be provided with the capacity to regularly upgrade their own ICT infrastructure. The pedagogical dimension of the ICT advisors role in an education centre could be more appropriately provided by the relevant school support services, in liaison with the ICT school coordinators.The technical dimension of the ICT advisors role could be provided in a number of ways, including for example, by having a commercially supplied ICT maintenance and support for schools. With an effective IT maintenance system in place, the pedagogical role of ICT coordinators within schools could be enhanced and supported with appropriate training. xviii Executive summary Support services should give priority to the integration of ICT in teaching and learning. on that point is an opportunity for such services to work more closely with schools, and with school ICT coord inators in particular, to determine round training needs and assist in organising appropriate professional development courses for teachers.Support service personnel should aim to be proactive in providing examples of how ICT can be used to facilitate teaching and learning in any programmes provided. Furthermore, course organisers should take greater account of the wide range of ICT abilities and experiences commonly found in groups of teachers and should provide differentiated ICT learning experiences for course participants. Additional guidance should be provided to schools and teachers of students with special educational needs so that the needs of learners whitethorn be matched more appropriately with the technology available. There needs to be an sum upd emphasis on the application of ICT in teaching and learning in teacher education at pre-service, induction and continuing professional development stages.It is recommended that teacher education departments in third-level c olleges should provide student teachers with the skills necessary to effectively use ICT in teaching and foster in them a refining of using ICT in their work. Consideration should also be given to extending and expanding significantly the current range of professional development courses available for teachers.A major focus of such an initiative should be on how ICT may be integrated fully in the teaching and learning of specific subjects and curricular areas. The ICT Framework for Schools, which the NCCA will issue in the near future, will be a further assistance to schools in this regard. secern recommendations for schools Schools and teachers should regularly review the use of ICT in their work.In particular, they should strive to ensure greater integration of ICT within teaching and learning activities in classrooms and other settings. Teachers should exploit the potential of ICT to develop as wide a range of students skills as possible, including the higher-order skills of problem-solving, synthesis, analysis, and evaluation. Principals should encourage and facilitate suitable ICT training for teachers. Schools should liase with relevant support services and should endeavor to establish mechanisms to facilitate the sharing of good practice among members of the staff. Schools should endeavour to provide all their students with anappropriate and true level of experience of ICT at all class levels at the primary level and at both junior and senior cycle at the post-primary level. xix ICT in Schools Schools should plan for the maintenance and upgrading of their ICT systems. Computer rooms, where they exist, should be used to maximum effect.Staff members and students should be provided with adequate access to the internet. Post-primary schools in particular should aim to increase the permeation of ICT in general classrooms. A designated staff member should be responsible for ICT development. An ICT plan should be developed, using a consultative proce ss, and an appropriate-use policy (AUP) should also be established. Teachers should endeavour to integrate ICT more in their planning and preparation for teaching. Schools need to ensure that ICT is used to support students with special educational needs in the most effective and appropriate way. Schools need to ensure that they match students needs to the most appropriate technology available, and that ICT is used to support not only the acquisition of literacy but the widest range of students needs. Schools should exploit the benefits to be had from ICT in their assessment procedures and also in their administrative practices. xx Chapter 1 ICT in primary and post-primary education in Ireland Part 1 Introduction 1 ICT in Schools Part 1 Introduction 1. 1 IntroductionInformation and communications technology (ICT) is an accepted element in all our lives and has a central role to play in education. Since the appearance of the first Government policy on ICT in education in 1997, a su bstantial investment has been made in ICT facilities and training in Irish schools.In Ireland, as in other countries, the debate about ICT in education concentrates on the potential impact of ICT on teaching and learning and on the measures that need to be adopted to ensure that the potential of ICT to enrich students learning experience is realised. This Inspectorate report presents the findings of a major evaluation of the impact of ICT on teaching and