Chapter 32 Ap World History Outline Essay

A. Postcolonial Crises and Asiatic Economic Expansion, 19751990 I. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic regene browse in Latin the States 1. The success of the Cuban Revolution some(prenominal)(prenominal) energized the subverter left throughout Latin America and direct the coup guide States to organize its semi semipolitical and military allies in Latin America in a struggle to defeat communism. 2. In Brazil a coup in 1964 brought in a military government activityn whose compounding of dictatorship, use of death squads to eliminate opposition, and use of tax and tariff policies to instigate industrial enterprise through import substitution came to be known as the Brazilian Solution. Elements of the Brazilian Solution were applied in Chile byte government of Augusto Pinochet, whose CIA-assisted coup overthrew the socialistic All terminuse government in 1973 and in Argentina by a military regime that seized power in1974. 3. Despite reverses in Brazil, Chile, and Argen tina, revolutionary movements persisted elsewhere. In Nicaragua the Cuban-backed Sandinista movement overthrew the government of Anastasia Somoza and ruled until it was defeated in put out elections in1990. In El Salvador the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) fought guerrilla contend a suck inst the military regime until declining popular support in the 1990s led the rebels to negotiate an end to the armed conflict and trans variance themselves into a political party. 4. The military dictatorships established in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all came to an end surrounded by 1983 and 1990. All three regimes were undermined by reports of kidnapping, torture, and corruption the Argentine regime alike suffered from its invasion of the Falkland Islands and consequent military defeat by Britain. 5. By the end of the 1980s oil-importing nations like Brazil were in economic trouble because they had borrowed firmly to pay the proud oil prices engineered by OPEC. The oil-e xporting nations such as Mexico set about crises because they had borrowed heavily when oil prices were high and rising in the seventies, but institute themselves unable to keep up with their debt payments when the price of oil fell in the 1980s. 6. In 1991 Latin America was more(prenominal) dominated by the fall in States than it had been in1975. This may be seen in the join States use of military coerce to intervene in Grenada in 1983 and in Panama in 1989. II. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and AfghanistanSee more what is essay format 1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan endanger to involve the superpowers the United States reacted to these crises with restraint, but the Soviet Union took a bolder and in the end disastrous course. 2. In Iran, American backing and the corruption and inefficiency of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavis regime stimulated popular resentment. In 1979 street demonstrations and strikes toppled the Shah and brought a Shiite cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, to power. The overthrow of an confederate and the establishment of an anti-western Islamic republic in Iran were blows to American prestige, but the United States was unable to do anything about it. 3. In the fall of 1980 Iraqi loss leader Saddam Hussein invaded Iran to topple the Islamic Republic. The United States supported Iran at first, but then in 1986 tilted toward Iraq. 4. The Soviet Union set about a more serious problem when it sent its army into Afghanistan in 1978 in order to support a cleanly established communistic regime against a hodgepodge of local, sacredly inspired guerilla bands that controlled some(prenominal) of the countryside. The Soviet Unions struggle against the American-backed guerillas was so costly and caused so much domestic discontent that the Soviet leaders withdrew their troops in 1989 and left the rebel groups to fight with each other for control of Afghanistan. III. Asian Transformation1. The Japanese economy grew at a faster rate than that of any other study developed country in the 1970s and 1980s, and Japanese aver progress income outstripped that of the United States in the 1990s. This economic branch was associated with an industrial economy in which keiretsu (alliances of firms) received government assistance in the form of tariffs and import regulations that inhibited foreign competition. 2. The Japanese model of close cooperation amidst government and industry was imitated by a small spot of Asian states, most nonably by South Korea, in which four giant corporations led the way in growth heavy industries and consumer industries. Hong Kong and Singapore overly developed modern industrial and commercial economies. All of these newly modify economies shared certain characteristics discipline and hard-working labor forces, investment in fosterage, high pass judgment of personal savings, export strategies, government sponsorship and protection, and the ability to begin theirindustrialization with the lat est technology. 3. In China after 1978 the regime of Deng Xiaoping carried out winning economic reforms that allowed private enterprise and foreign investment to exist on base the uneconomical state-owned enterprises and which allowed individuals and families to contract bucolic land and farm it as they liked. At the same time, the command economy remained in place and China resisted political reform, notably when the Communist Party crushed the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. B. The End of the Bipolar World, 19891991I. Crisis in the Soviet Union1. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan the Soviet Unions economy was strained by the attempt to fight massive U.S. spending on armaments, such as a space-based projectile protection system. The Soviet Unions obsolete industrial plants, its inefficient planned economy, its declining standard of alimentation, and its unpopular war with Afghanistan fuel dean pipe current of protest. 2. When Mikhail Gorbachev took over the leade rship in 1985 he tried to brood the problems of the Soviet Union by introducing a policy of political nudeness (glasnost) and economic reform (perestroika). II. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc1. Events in eastern atomic arrive 63 were very important in forcing change on the Soviet Union. The activities of the Solidarity labor union in Poland, the emerging alliances between nationalist and religious opponents of the communist regimes, and the economic failing of the communist states themselves led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989 and to the reunification of Germany in 1990. 20. The weakness of the central government and the rise of nationalism led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in September 1991. Ethnic and religious divisions also led to the dismemberment of Yugoslavia in 1991 and the division of the Czech Republic in 1992. III. The Iranian disconnect contend, 199019911. Iraq invaded capital of Kuwait in August 1990 in an attempt to gain control of Kuwaits oil fields. Saudi Arabia felt be by Iraqs action and helped to draw the United States into award in which American forces led a coalition that drove Iraq out of Kuwait but left Saddam Hussein in power. 2.The Persian Gulf War restored the United States confidence in its military capability duration demonstrating that RussiaIraqs cause allywas impotent. Cather Challenge of Population GrowthI. demographic Transition1. The cosmos of Europe almost doubled between 1850 and 1914, and term some Europeans saw this as a blessing, Thomas Malthus argued that unchecked population bring onth would outstrip food production. In the years immediately adjacent World War I Malthuss views were dismissed as Europe and other industrial societies experienced demographic transition to lower fecundity rank. 2. The demographic transition did not occur in the Third World, where some leaders actively promoted large families until the economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980sconvin ced the governments of developing countries to throw overboard the pronatalist policy. 3. World population exploded in the twentieth one C, with most of the growth taking place in the poorest nations due to high fertility rates and declining mortality rates. Tithe Industrialized Nations1. In the developed industrial nations of horse opera Europe and Japan at the beginning of the twenty-first century, higher levels of womanish education and employment, the material values of consumer culture, and access to contraception and abortion admit unite to produce low fertility levels. Low fertility levels combined with improved life presentiment will lead to an increasing number of retirees who will rely on a relatively smaller number of working adults to pay for their social services. 2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death rates and life expectancy has declined. III.The Developing Nations1. In the twenty-first century the industri alised nations will relate to fall behind the developing nations as a percentage of foundingly concern population at current rates, 95 percent of all time to come population growth will be in developing regions, specially in Africa and in the Muslim countries. 2. In Asia, the populations of China and India continued to grow despite government efforts to reduce family size. It is not clear whether or not the nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will experience the demographictransition seen in the industrialized countries, but fertility rates bring on fallen in the developing piece where women have had access to education and employment away(p) the home. IV. Old and Young Populations1. Demographic pyramids generated by demographers illustrate the different age distributions in nations in different stages of economic development. 2. The developed nations face ageing populations and will have to rely on immigration or increase use of technology (including robots) in order to maintain industrial and agricultural production at levels sufficient to support their relatively high standards of living and their generous social welfare programs. 3. The developing nations have relatively upstart and rapidly growing populations but face the problem of providing their people with education and jobs while struggling with shortages of investment capital and poor transportation and communications networks. D. Unequal Development and the Movement of PeoplesI. The Problem of Growing Inequality1. Since 1945 spheric economic productivity has created unprecedented levels of material abundance. At the same time, the industrialized nations of the Northern Home to enjoy a larger share of the foundations wealth than they did a century ago the majority of the world lives in poverty. 2. Regional inequalities within nations have also grown in both the industrial countries and in the developing nations. II. Internal Migration the Growth of Cities1. Migration from countryfi ed areas to urban centers in the developing world increase threefold from 1925 to 1950 and quicken rapidly after 1950. 2. Migrants to the cities generally enjoyed higher incomes and better standards of living than they would have had in the countryside, but as the scale of rural to urban migration grew, these benefits became more elusive. Migration placed impossible burdens on basic services and led to burgeoning slums, shantytowns, and nuisance in the cities of the developing world. III. Global Migration1. Migration from the developing world to the developed nations increased substantially after 1960, leading to an increase in racial and ethnictensions in the horde nations. Immigrants from the developing nations brought the host nations the same benefits that the migration of Europeans brought to the Americas a century before. 2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States are made up of junior adults and tend to have fertility rates higher than the rates of the host populations. In the long run this will lead to increases in the Muslim population in Europe and in the Asian and Latin American populations in the United States, and to cultural conflicts over the definitions of citizenship and nationality. E. Technological and Environmental alterationI. New Technologies and the World Economy1. New technologies developed during World War II increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and improved the flow of selective information when they were applied to industry in the postwar period. The application and development of technology was spurred by pent-up demand for consumer goods. 2. Improvements in existing technologies accounted for much of the worlds productivity increases during the 1950s and 1960s. The improvement and widespread application of the calculator was particularly significant as it transformed office work and manufacturing. 3. multinational corporations became the primary agents of these technological changes. In the pos t-World War II years transnational corporations with multinational ownership and management became increasingly powerful and were able to prevail the controls imposed by national governments by shifting or menace to shift production from one country to another. II. Conserving and Sharing Resources1. In the 1960s, environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences of population growth, industrialization, and the magnification of agriculture onto marginal lands. Environmental degradation was a problem in both the developed and developing countries it was especially severe in the former Soviet Union. In attempting to address environmental issues, the industrialized countries faced a contradiction between environmental protection and the desire to maintain rates of economic growth that depended on the profligate consumption of goods and resources. 2. In the developing world population growth led to extreme environmental blackmail as fore sts were felled andmarginal land developed in order to fly high food production. This led to erosion and water pollution. III. Responding to Environmental Threats1. The governments of the United States, the European Community, and Japan took a number of initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in the 1970s. Environmental awareness spread by means of the media and grassroots political movements, and most nations in the developed world enforced strict antipollution laws and sponsored massive recycling efforts. 2. These efforts, many of them made possible by new technology, produced significant results. But in the developing world, population pressures and weak governments were major obstacles to effective environmental policies.