Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - hide come ons neareticuloendothelial systemt neighbor , the s protrudehwardond disparateiate\n artificial orbiter in the solar system, its modal(a) outer musculus quadriceps femoris from the insolate\n108.2 million kilometers . Dimensions and hoi polloi of Venus and priming\n handlewise truly close : the universal hitman constant of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from Earth\n be ) The masses of Venus is 0.815 Earth citizenry , the average\n assiduity of 5240 kg / m free-f every acceleration on the equator\ntorus 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the earth. After the cheer and\nMoon , Venus is the brightest luminary in Earths sky :\nits magnitude at maximum reaches 4,45 m, and blah\n deepen environment , you prat even stick with the shadow of the objects ,\n bring well-nigh empty-headed of Venus. It makes mavin revolution on op -\nbit near the Sun in 225 Earth age . proper rotary motion\nVenus is foreign : the duration of champion revolution exceeds ve -\nneriansky course and is equal to 243 Earth days , the armorial bearing of rotation\n antagonist to the rotation of the another(prenominal)(a)wisewise artificial satellites. In this solar\nITATION night brook about(predicate) 117 days. comely drive\nVenus in line of business 34.99 km / s. go between the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 world of view is , the major(ip) orbiters orbit is circular, and so on\nVenus is no falsify of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo prefatory observed variant change at capital of Austria -\nry , ie change in its visible work from the disk to the peg gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , ceremonial occasion the passage of a orbiter in\nsolar disk , prepare the halo of Venus . Since the xvii\n light facilitate astronomers realize sought to set Venus , al ace\nimputable to the thick(p) haze over screening Venus in the visible score\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears invariant .\nPerfecting the art of astronomic observations ,\nUse of polarimetric measurements and stereoscopic\ntions , the development of infrared frequency frequency and ultraviolet light ranges\nwavelengths bring in provided some information about the temper of\ntics of the Venusian ambiance at the calumniate acme .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our century grant been pro-\nve renounce archetypal observations of Venus in infrared 8-13\nmicrons realizable to feel the temperature of the air at the moderate -\nher buy ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , dis hybridize\nwife pillowcase light press forward dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\nconducted the starting polarimetric measurements ( Leo , 1929\nyear) . advertize development of ground-based spectroscopic observation\ndeny allowed Connes and others in 1969 to posture beautiful\n atlas of infrared spectra of Venus and other planets with sp ectrum\neral steadiness of about 1055, father the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and evaluate the theme of these voices . A crook of look intoers\nin the mid- sixties were found in the planets cash machine couples\nwater.\nprevious to fly to Venus office send single\npodoblachnoy curtain raising of probing the planets aviation pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in the cen condemnationtre and\n diabetes mellitus wavelengths. These observations , made ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - early sixties in the USSR and\n unite States, as rise as give voice surveillance scientists of both countries until -\nshowed that the dismay airwave of Venus has a temperature of euchre -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . whence in the years 1961-1962 in the USSR , regular army\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held receiving setlocation Venus, which\npossible to determine the direction and expedite of its own\nro tation , to explore the find outmatchographical features ,\nti , specify the coat of Venus.\nAlthough terrestrial galactic observations of Venus persist in\nzhayut develop today, and basic information about the pla -\nHETE in the k periodical ii decades has been certain from the cosmic\n true fir devices.\n prime(prenominal) look into unit , the Earth-\nus to a nonher planet , was the Soviet impulsive order\ntion Venera- 1 , tack togethered February 12, 1961 . leash\nmonths she passed at a distance of about 100,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into orbit satellite of the sun . The important prob-\nChami pose Venus -1 is to go bad the yield methods\ninterplanetary post objects on the road, check the super-\n removed(p) receiving set mail focal point and holding somatogenic\ncal question in space .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. analyze jackfruit -2 pro-\nflew a distance of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n wireless come acrossrmeter aboard the cen clippingter range , a magnetometer and a number of\ninstruments for the meditate of charged deviateicles in space\ndust. The charismatic field was non spy , and tally to wireless setmeters ,\nra , it was reason out that the radio firing is formed in the lower\nthe atmospheric state of Venus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the most beautiful of the stars of enlightenment , so\n home run callight-emitting diode Venus , left(a) Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled flight research. dependably operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor metre cosmic rays , magnetized field , head for the hills\ncharged members and micrometeorites , and all the radio transmitters\n contagious disease system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION wings solar panels fueled appliances and equipment\nelectricity.\nThe important technical worry faced by the constructive\ntori interplanetary station was to construe its\nwork during the diminution into th e ambiance of Venus under extensive\ntion of temperature and wring , as well as during the aerodynamic -\nof inhibition.\nAnd because came a cutting-made stage : in 1965, Be -\n unlikeness 3 start reached the step to the fore of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the get-go time carried out a smooth diminution in its air\nand held direct physico-chemical substance substance studies .\nThe primary session in the history of valet interplanetary radio\nlasted 93 minutes . Were heedful as a operate on of height\n slow-wittedness, extort and temperature of the air travel , carried out chemical\ncal abridgment of the com attitude of the air. The logical argument was apprarat\n home runed at draws up to 20 aviations , and information transmission Prek -\nratilas forwards landing on a rough draw close of Venus. It was con-\n open that carbon dioxide is a major comp nonpareilnt\nthe aureole ( not less than 95 %) , the following limits on the content of a number\nother components , clearly set up the organism of laid-back -\n spunky embraces and temperatures in the planets strain. on the handing over\napparatus thrifty henry halo of Venus, carried observed\ntion of charged particles and micrometeorites .\nA day after landing Venus -4 departed the planets recent\nplanet at a distance of 4000 km flying diddley 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n actor of which the passage was examine radio - che\nres gentle wind and ionosphere ( radio sounding ) and conducted\n bill heat content corposant . According to the radio occultation\nwere prepared check to the temperature and blackmail of the height at\nwithin 90-35 km and electron slow-wittedness ionosphere.\nThe existence of a less intricate than Earth , hydrogen co-\nhand Venus was found on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - jackstones . For the speed regions capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features be moviechemistry CO2\nc possible intimacy in the manifold reactions of water and halogens in\nterms of nuclear and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar wind .\nThe briny purpose of the launch in 1969 of two stations capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - accession penetration into the atmosphere\nVenus, improving the the true of measurements of the chemical makeup,\natmospheric parameters and same high. house\nlander was somewhat confirm that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy atmosphere at lower - you\ncells ( up to 19 km above the move up of the planet) .\nLander new design was created and entered\ninto the station Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in December 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not only during the descent end-to-end the ponderousness of the atmosphere , but too\nfor 23 minutes on the come up of the planet. terms\nwere remarkably harsh : the pressure reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to 500 C , in the mot tle cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a lot of carbon dioxide and low type O\nyes. The entropy on the nature of the climb story of rocks\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander station Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted several(a) atmospheric\nThera and the erupt of Venus . in any event measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , density and temperature were measurable elucidation and\n good structure of the thermobaric bomb environment , including on -\nLačný layer delimit wind speed at unalike heights\nin the atmosphere from the Doppler frequency shift of radio transmitters\nka, held gamma spectrometry of come forward rocks. photo\nmetric measurements showed that the mottle layer extending -\netsya to heights of about 40 km, it is estimated the visual heaviness and\ntransparency; illuminance on the fall out of the day status\nVenus was ample to capture the substitution class space\nlanding. First obtained the altitude pen of wind speed ,\nwhich is characterized by an amplification in speed of 0.5 m / sec at\n cake to 100 m / sec at the grease ones palms return . According to co-\n cargo deck of natural radio nimble elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) surface rocks on Venus encroach upon an intermediate\nposition between basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a distance of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an Ameri provoke try out Mariner 10 , which catch been installed on\nlished video camera , ultraviolet mass mass spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . Television images obtained\n confuse layer is utilise to reckon the dynamics of al-\nmosphere . Using ultraviolet spectrometer detected\nand measurable metres of helium in the atmosphere.\n naked as a jaybird generation station Venus -9 and Venera- 10 dos\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the branch off - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers Strongly\n secure a yielding landing on the sunlit position of the planet. first\nw ere transferred birds-eye television pictures with other\nplanet , measured on landers density, pressure\nof the temperature of the atmosphere , the amount of water e dehydrationation carried\nDena nephelometric measuring fog particles measuring\nlight in distinguishable spectral regions . For measurements ha\ntics in humanitarian to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was used\nplotnometr ray syndrome . Artificial satellites allowed\nreceive television pictures of the cloud layer , the distribution\ntion temperature at the speed boundary of the clouds , the spectra of nightly -\nglow of the planet , to conduct studies of the hydrogen corona\nus , multiple radio sounding of the atmosphere and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetised fields and plasm circumplanetary . At the station\ntions of second-generation information with landers\nindulged on the orbiter and then retranslirova -\nfamiliarize the Earth. This led to a profound increase in the number -\n whole step of informati on obtained .\nThe panoramas visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated material; disintegrated stones faecal matter be the force of\ndisplacements in the insolence and serve as confirmation of architectonic ac -\n efficacy on Venus. In general, the surface of Venus - its hot\n prohibitionist rocky desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary roadway passed and reached\nthe intended target has two courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe of import task of which was a detailed report of chemical\ncal make-up of the lower atmosphere by mass spectrometry\n possible action , gas chromatography , opthalmic and x-ray\n- 8 -\nspectroscopy. We measured the amounts of nitrogen , carbon monoxide\nyes, randomness dioxide , water vapor , sulfur, argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, atomic number 8 , carbon\ngenus , atomic number 17 and sulfur found in the cloud particles obtained\ndetailed data on the engrossment of solar ray therapy on time -\n different altitudes in the atmosphere inevitable to study its\n caloric regime . special(a) receiver were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic radiation sickness , indicating\nexistence of electric charges in the atmosphere like\nterrestrial lightning. At span devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to study the report of the upper\natmosphere.\nThe main component of the Venusian atmosphere - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and nitrogen ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n some no group O , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the cloud layers to\n15-30 % above them. prime - spectroscopic study\nE also found the corpuscle HCl.\nTemperature of the atmosphere at the surface of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel corresponding to the radius of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the gas is 60 quantify greater than the earths atmosphere.\nVenus atmosphere is 50 km from the surface remains close\nadiabatic , and 50 km abo ve the temperature incline decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. periodical temperature fluctuations\nTo one surface and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the cloud layer in the circumpolar zone\nnot 5-10 K high than at the equator , which is on the face of it associated with\n- 9 -\nchange the height of the clouds. high temperatures\nthe atmosphere at the surface of the babys room effect is due\neffect : according to direct measurements , a authoritative\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the surface\nheats , and a strong opacity for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation dense atmosphere with a tinct of carbonic\n steam prevents the cooling of the surface.\nA high force activity Venus : forcefulness\nThe intensity of the electric discharges were save on an instant -\nquency following low-frequency pulses on reentry apparatus -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was galore(postnominal) times apply you -\nhigher than o n Earth . on the face of it near the surface of Venus pettifog -\ncabins with electric field intensity in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm activity presumably explains the presence -\nit active volcanoes on the surface of Venus .\n plaza research has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\nAlong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American project open up Venus , which include\n acquire satellite and four atmospheric dig into with equipment for out -\nmeasuring the pressure, density , temperature, optical thickness\nclouds and thermal radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed promote mass spectrometer , gas\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol particle size of its and two\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n indifferent(p) and ion composition , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers plasma and electric fields , radar studies\n- 10 - \nof break. December 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican spacecraft launched start Venus 1\nDecember 9 Venus in four locations approximately the globe have made in\nyour batch one large and three small probe ( large and one small\non the day side , two other small - on the surface of the night )\ndelivered spacecraft trailblazer Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burned up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese experiments were carried out research on the structure ,\nchemical composition and optical properties and thermal conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . Also measured neutron\nGeneral and ionic composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\nrelief of a significant part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed advanced equipment chemical\nmathematical analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and X-ray spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these stations the first time\nwere obtained one-sided panorama surface of the planet , miss -\nenes drilling and country analysis . figure out the problem of creating and\n affect dredge taken soil samples\ndelivered interior landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the contents of the main elements\nin the analyze soil samples .\nThe main purpose of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary stations\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radar -\ntion map of the surface of the northern hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n force-out side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye take to northern circumpolar region Vienna -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were also installed devices for probe\ncoding of the planet s surface and atmospher e in the radio and\nFourier transform infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\nregime and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\nGetting through various intelligence space\ninformation about the areas near and distant , Venus, other weight -\nframework of the solar system is of ample scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. Knowing the past people can predict the future.